Osmoregulation, Acid—Base Regulation, and Nitrogen Excretion

Evans, David H.; Claiborne, James B.; Kormanik, Gregg A.

doi:10.1016/b978-012356040-7/50006-8

Cited by 25 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Such advantage could be mediated by ecophysiological or behavioural effects related to a smaller size, such as higher diffusion rates through epithelia (Evans et al 1999), smaller gravity and drag forces during amphibious locomotion, easier selection of appropriate microhabitat conditions; or better manoeuvrability and easier burrowing activities on more heterogeneous substrates. In this case, the passage to more terrestrial conditions could have been facilitated by miniaturisation, a widespread evolutionary trend in gobioids (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Larger evaporative losses in smaller individuals would result from higher surface to volume ratios; nonetheless, these would also increase diffusion rates through the integument, improving the efficiency of subaerial cutaneous respiration and excretion (Horn & Riegle 1981, Evans et al 1999. Water losses could also be compensated by the easier selection of appropriate conditions at the microhabitat level (Sayer 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Size variation of six species of oxudercine gobies along the intertidal zone in a Malayan coastal swamp

Polgar¹,

Bartolino²

2010

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Reduction in size from sea to land is a common trend of many fish species and communities, at both the intraspecific and interspecific level. Within the intertidal zone, similar trends have been described at the intraspecific level in several transient and resident fish species. Oxudercines are a group of intertidal gobies (Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) including several species, which exhibit extreme adaptations to an amphibious lifestyle. Ecomorphological and ecophysiological considerations suggest that size reduction in this group may have facilitated the adaptation to semi-terrestrial conditions. To test this hypothesis, the spatial ecology and the presence of an intra-and interspecific size gradient was investigated in an oxudercine community of a Malayan intertidal ecosystem (6 species included in 3 genera). A random stratified sampling design was adopted, and ANOVA and cluster analysis performed to describe this variation. Multivariate analyses of the quantity of environmental water were also conducted to investigate the correspondence between size and habitat terrestriality. Larger species were found in more aquatic conditions at lower topographical levels along the vertical intertidal gradient, supporting the hypothesis of an adaptive value of smaller size in more terrestrial habitats. Intraspecific variation showed more complex patterns, even if in several species smaller individuals were found in more terrestrial conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size variation of six species of oxudercine gobies along the intertidal zone in a Malayan coastal swamp

Polgar¹,

Bartolino²

2010

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Metabolic and physiological processes of ectothermic sharks are strongly influenced by temperature (Matern et al 2000, Lowe 2001, Carlson et al 2004. Moreover, changes in ambient salinity also impact elasmobranchs through the metabolic cost and physiological impacts associated with changing salinity and osmoregulation (Evans et al 2004). Temperature and salinity are therefore likely to be important factors that influence the abundance, residency and distribution of leopard sharks (and other elasmobranchs) in bays and estuaries (Snelson & Williams 1981, Hopkins & Cech 2003, Simpfendorfer et al 2005, Abel et al 2007.…”

Section: Leopard Shark Distribution Within Elkhorn Sloughmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat use, residency, and seasonal distribution of female leopard sharks Triakis semifasciata in Elkhorn Slough, California

Carlisle¹,

Starr²

2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Bays and estuaries play important roles in the life history of leopard sharks Triakis semifasciata, yet these coastal environments are among those most impacted by human activity. To better understand habitat use, spatial associations, and ecological roles of leopard sharks in estuarine environments, movements of leopard sharks were studied in Elkhorn Slough, California, USA. A total of 21 female leopard sharks (78 to 140 cm total length) were tagged with acoustic transmitters and tracked from August 2003 to February 2005. Eight sharks were manually tracked for 20 to 71.5 h, and 13 sharks were monitored for 4 to 280 d using an array of acoustic receivers. Female leopard sharks exhibited a high degree of fidelity to Elkhorn Slough. The distribution of tagged sharks changed seasonally and was likely associated with changes in temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. Sharks used the area that comprises Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR) extensively throughout the year, but especially during spring and summer. When sharks occupied ESNERR, their habitat use was tidally influenced, with sharks using low intertidal mudflats extensively when available. Sharks using the main channel tended to remain in subtidal habitats at all tidal levels. These results suggest that efforts to protect important leopard shark habitats in bays and estuaries should focus on preserving and restoring intertidal mudflats.

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“…As seawater (SW) and FW are vastly different osmotic and ionic media, elasmobranchs in FW face opposite osmoregulatory problems from that of marine forms. It is well established that marine elasmobranchs retain large quantities of urea and electrolytes in the body fluids so as to become slightly hyper-osmotic (1000-1150mOsm), although hypo-ionic to the surrounding SW (~900-1000mOsm) (Smith, 1931b;Robertson, 1975;Shuttleworth, 1988;Evans et al, 2004). These fish experience a constant influx of water by osmosis and a large diffusional gain of NaCl across the gills.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In FW teleosts, branchial mitochondrion-rich cells (MRCs) perform uptake of Na + and Cl -from ambient water into the blood, compensating for passive salt efflux down the large internal-external ionic gradient (Garcia Romeu and Maetz, 1964;Perry, 1997;Wilson et al, 2000;Evans, 2008). Osmotic and ionic regulation in elasmobranchs is achieved through the function and integration of multiple organs, including the rectal gland, kidneys, liver and gills (reviewed by Hazon et al, 2003;Evans et al, 2004). The rectal gland of marine elasmobranchs eliminates excess Na + and Cl -acquired as a consequence of living in SW, thereby maintaining plasma ionic homeostasis (Burger and Hess, 1960).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Branchial osmoregulation in the euryhaline bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas: a molecular analysis of ion transporters

Reilly

Cramp

Wilson

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYBull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, are one of only a few species of elasmobranchs that live in both marine and freshwater environments. Osmoregulation in euryhaline elasmobranchs is achieved through the control and integration of various organs (kidney, rectal gland and liver) in response to changes in environmental salinity. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms of ion transport in the gills of euryhaline elasmobranchs and how they are affected by osmoregulatory challenges. This study was conducted to gain insight into the branchial ion and acid-base regulatory mechanisms of C. leucas by identifying putative ion transporters and determining whether their expression is influenced by environmental salinity. We hypothesised that expression levels of the Na

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Osmoregulation, Acid—Base Regulation, and Nitrogen Excretion

Cited by 25 publications

References 66 publications

Size variation of six species of oxudercine gobies along the intertidal zone in a Malayan coastal swamp

Size variation of six species of oxudercine gobies along the intertidal zone in a Malayan coastal swamp

Habitat use, residency, and seasonal distribution of female leopard sharks Triakis semifasciata in Elkhorn Slough, California

Branchial osmoregulation in the euryhaline bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas: a molecular analysis of ion transporters

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