Osmoregulation of the cane toad, Bufo marinus, in salt water

Liggins, G.W; Grigg, Gordon C.

doi:10.1016/0300-9629(85)90442-6

Cited by 26 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Probably, tadpoles may stay and metamorphose mostly in microhabitats (e.g., small, water-filled depressions in hummocks towards the base of Pterocarpus' trees) without getting into larger bodies of water, which may explain the scarcity of tadpoles capture by dip netting along the inlandto-coast salinity gradient. Bufo marinus is considered a euryhaline amphibian (Liggins and Grigg, 1985) and commonly breed in sites frequently used by the crab-eating frog, Fejervarya cancrivora (Anura: Ranidae), the most euryhaline frog that occurs throughout Southeast Asia (Hogarth, 1999;D.S. Rabor, 1952cited by Lever, 2003.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of increased salinity on tadpoles of two anurans from a Caribbean coastal wetland in relation to their natural abundance

Ríos-López

2008

Amphib Reptilia

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Many amphibians depend on wetland ecosystems for reproduction and survival, and coastal wetlands are not the exception. Recent advances on climate change research predict a reduction in land cover of coastal wetlands due to sea-level rise in response to global warming. Although this scenario will contribute to further amphibian population declines worldwide the impacts of sea-level rise and its related salt water intrusion on anuran assemblages in coastal wetlands remain largely unknown. I documented patterns of abundance of the native Caribbean white-lipped frog (Leptodactylus albilabris) and the introduced marine toad (Bufo marinus) along an inland-to-coastal salinity gradient in Puerto Rico. In addition, I investigated the effects of increasing salinity on larval growth and survival to metamorphosis in L. albilabris and B. marinus in laboratory experiments. In the field, relative abundance of adults of L. albilabris decreased with increasing salinity, while B. marinus showed the opposite pattern. Laboratory experiments with L. albilabris and B. marinus revealed that percentage of larvae surviving to metamorphosis in both species was greatly reduced in 22-25% seawater (8 ppt), which is within salinity levels found in their natural distribution. In this salinity level, the native L. albilabris showed ∼100% metamorphosis failure while the introduced B. marinus showed ∼60% metamorphosis failure. The reduction in metamorphosis was due to high mortality in L. albilabris and was accompanied with morphological abnormalities in B. marinus. Tadpoles of only L. albilabris reared for four weeks showed significant weight loss at 8 ppt, but showed no difference in length. These results suggest that anuran tadpoles may be living near their physiological limit for salinity in the studied wetland. Conservation implications are profound, however, as salt water intrusion and urban encroaching inland may result in anuran population replacement, from native species to introduced species in this wetland.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of increased salinity on tadpoles of two anurans from a Caribbean coastal wetland in relation to their natural abundance

Ríos-López

2008

Amphib Reptilia

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“…Similar effects were noted among tadpoles of the same species which were observed to cope better with high salinities than those initially grown in a low saline environment (Gordon et al 1961). Liggins and Grigg (1985) observed that adult B. marinus survived up to 1.4 per cent NaCl while acclimated individuals survived salinities of 1.75 per cent. Dunson (1977) observed that when R. cancrivora were acclimatized to high temperatures, individuals were better able to cope with saline environments when temperatures were further elevated.…”

Section: Salinitymentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Published data on Australian frogs are limited to investigations of adult B. marinus. Van Beurden and Grigg (1980) recorded this species in brackish water while Liggins and Grigg (1985) observed that adults were able to tolerate salinities up to 1.4 per cent. Overseas studies indicate that difference in susceptibility to salinity is common both within (e.g., Beebee 1985;Christman 1971), and between, species (e.g., Bentley and Schmidt-Neilsen 1971;Munsey 1972).…”

Section: Salinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of environmental factors influencing the decline of Australian frogs

Ferraro¹,

Burgin²

1993

Herpetology in Australia

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This paper reviews the factors involved in the decline, both inter-and intra-specific, of Australian frogs from both disturbed and apparently pristine habitats. Despite a lacl< of published accounts and an absence of long term population studies, a variety of causes were identified. Habitat changes, owing to human influences, are lowering frog numbers and species diversity. Other factors involved include heavy metals, pesticides, salinity, temperature, disease, competition from introduced species and human collection. The complex interactions and synergistic effects of these factors on frogs have yet to be fully elucidated. However, since frogs are sensitive to environmental influences at all stages of their life cycle, population studies would provide base line data to identify, at an early stage, the impact of human influence.

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“…comm.). Adult cane toads can survive in 40% seawater (Liggins & Grigg, 1985), allowing them to inhabit the lower reaches of the Daly River.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term monitoring reveals declines in an endemic predator following invasion by an exotic prey species

Fukuda¹,

Tingley

Crase

et al. 2015

Animal Conservation

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Invasive predators can cause population declines in native prey species, but empirical evidence linking declines of native predators to invasive prey is relatively rare. Here, we document declines in an Australian freshwater crocodile Crocodylus johnstoni population following invasion of a toxic prey species, the cane toad Rhinella marina. Thirty-five years of standardized spotlight surveys of four segments of a large river in northern Australia revealed that the density of freshwater crocodiles decreased following toad invasion and continued to decline thereafter. Overall, intermediate-sized freshwater crocodiles (0.6-1.2 m) were most severely impacted. Densities of saltwater crocodiles Crocodylus porosus increased over time and were generally less affected by toad arrival, although toad impacts were inconsistent across survey sections and size classes. Across the entire river, total freshwater crocodile densities declined by 69.5% between 1997 and 2013. Assessments of the status of this species within other large river systems in northern Australia, where baseline data are available from before the toads arrived, should be prioritized. Our findings highlight the importance of long-term monitoring programmes for quantifying the impacts of novel and unforeseen threats.

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Osmoregulation of the cane toad, Bufo marinus, in salt water

Cited by 26 publications

References 10 publications

Effects of increased salinity on tadpoles of two anurans from a Caribbean coastal wetland in relation to their natural abundance

Effects of increased salinity on tadpoles of two anurans from a Caribbean coastal wetland in relation to their natural abundance

Review of environmental factors influencing the decline of Australian frogs

Long‐term monitoring reveals declines in an endemic predator following invasion by an exotic prey species

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