Osmoregulatory and tegumental ultrastructural damages to protoscoleces of hydatid cysts Echinococcus granulosus induced by fungal endophytes

Abstract

Characteristic ultrastructural changes were observed when protoscoleces of hydatid cysts Echinococcus granulosus was treated with extract of endophytic fungi Eupenicillium and Chaetomium sp. isolated from Azadirachta indica and Piper longum plants respectively. A sharp decrease in viability of protoscoleces was observed after 6 h of incubation with fungal extracts. The ultrastructural changes included rosteller disorganization, loss of hooks and shedding of the microtriches of scolex region. The formation of digitiform projections on tegument layer which, increased in size as prolong incubation with extract and get burst, leading to a osmoregulatory damage into tegumental layers of parasite. This osmoregulatory damages caused the loss of turgidity due to leakage of cell contents, which might be the major cause of the mortality in treated parasites. It is remarkable, since very similar type of ultrastructural changes were observed with some pyrazinoisoquinoline derivatives, as praziquantel. Our initial results indicate that extract of endophytic Eupenicillium and Chaetomium spp. are having significant anti-cestodal activity and have selective activity on tegument layer. Further chemical prospection is required through rigorous bioassay guided fractionation coupled with robust high resolution mass spectrometric analysis to get final stereostructures responsible for the parasiticidal activity. This initial strain selection outcome will serve a platform for isolation and characterization of new drug lead that can be useful in tailoring novel, safe and effective anthelmintics.

Efficacy of Cyperus Rotundus Rhizomes-Tubers Extracts Against Protoscoleces of Echinococcus Granulosus

“…Other study also documented the occurrence of apoptosis in the larval stage of E. granulosus by caspase 3 enzyme mechanism and this activity was higher in infertile cyst compared to fertile one, concluded that apoptosis may be involved in hydatid cyst infertility [61] , also the involvement of caspase -3 dependent pathway in apoptosis of E. granulosus protoscoleces was recorded by Shi et al [42] Regarding the safety and the toxological studies of C.rotundus several works were done, recently Johari et al, [32] showed that this plant is safe, economic and effective alternative for the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease by effect the cytokine gene expression in rat model experiment and cytokine is important regulator of inflammation and tissue repair which play key role in the pathogenesis of this disease because the plant has anti -inflammatory and antioxidant activity.…”

“…[60] Also high level of apoptosis has been reported in E.granulosus hydatid cyst. [42,61,62] Regarding C. rotundus and within this hypothesis, recent studies concluded that the aerial parts extract of this plant exhibit a potential use as antioxidant and apoptosis inducer and explained that the anti-proliferative effect of these extracts is due to induction of apoptosis and suggested the regulation of apoptotic genes may be controlled by their phenolic content, orientin is one of the main flavonoids identified in alcoholic extract. [33] Moreover, the result of Hu et al, [63] confirmed the presence of apoptosis and the existence of CED-3 like apoptotic gene in protoscoleces of E. granulosus and proved that H2O2and hexamenthasone can induce cell apoptosis of protoscoleces in drug-induced apoptosis mechanisms.…”

“…According to previous rsearchers [40][41][42] samples were fixed with 2.5 glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer pH7.4 for 24 hr. at 4 C. Then two washes in the same buffer were made each for 15 min.…”

Scolicidal agents for protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst: Review of literature

“…isolated from Azadirachta indica and Piper longum plants, a sharp decrease in viability of protoscolices was observed after 6 h of incubation. [ 33 ] Colebrook et al . showed that cyclosporin A (CsA) with dose of 100 μg/ml killed all activated protoscolices for 3 days and 50 or 20 μg/ml for 5 days.…”

Microbial Endophytes: Their Resilience for Innovative Treatment Solution to Neglected Tropical Diseases

“…Fungal metabolites have primarily served as lead structures for the development of anticancer, antifungal, and antibacterial agents, but recently a few reports of anti-parasiticidal activity especially against hydatid cyst Echinococcus granulosus have also been recently reported (Verma et al 2013 ). Although new drugs are needed to treat all aspects of leishmaniasis, the scientifi c literature on the bioprospecting of endophytic fungi of tropical rainforests is limited.…”