“…Hence, the thickness of the biofilm would play a crucial role in this subject. Although, the membrane fouling reducers such as cationic water-soluble polymers have been used in submerged membrane bioreactors to enhance the flux [9], tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSP) is one of the commonly used dispersing (i.e., sequestering) agents that retard the attachment of bacteria in microbiological [2,6,10,11] and geochemical applications [12]. For the biodegradation experiments occurring in MMBR, however, the dosage of dispersing agent TSP remains highly inconsistent.…”