“…Mechanical measurements, such as the Kramer-Shear test (Mastrocola, Pittia, & Lerici, 1996;Phan & Mimault, 1980), compression tests (Chiralt et al, 2001;Kim & Hung, 1994), puncture tests (Marani et al, 2007;Phan & Mimault, 1980;Zhang, Duan, Zhang, & Peng, 2004) or back extrusion (Robbers, Singh, & Cunha, 1997) are widely used to evaluate the firmness at the organ scale. Such testing makes it possible to measure the mechanical properties of fruit tissue before and after freezing.…”