Background
This in vivo experimental study investigated the effect of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) on early osteogenesis around implants.
Methods
In four healthy adult male Beagle dogs, the left mandibular received implants and SHED as the experimental group, and the right mandibular received implants and phosphate-buffered saline as the control group. The Beagle dogs were randomly divided into groups A and B, which were sacrificed at 2 and 4 weeks after implantation. Micro-computed tomography and histological analysis were used to investigate the effect of SHED-loading on the early osseointegration around the implants.
Results
The total bone-to-implant contact (BIC%) and interthread bone improved significantly. The analysis of the bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness showed that the bone trabecula around the implants in the SHEDs group was thicker and denser than that in the control group, suggesting a better osseointegration.
Conclusions
The application of implants pre-adhered with SHEDs improved and accelerated early osseointegration around the implant, resulting in thicker and denser trabecular bone.
Background
This in vivo experimental study investigated the effect of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) on early osteogenesis around implants.
Methods
In four healthy adult male Beagle dogs, the left mandibular received implants and SHED as the experimental group, and the right mandibular received implants and phosphate-buffered saline as the control group. The Beagle dogs were randomly divided into groups A and B, which were sacrificed at 2 and 4 weeks after implantation. Micro-computed tomography and histological analysis were used to investigate the effect of SHED-loading on the early osseointegration around the implants.
Results
The total bone-to-implant contact (BIC%) and interthread bone improved significantly. The analysis of the bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness showed that the bone trabecula around the implants in the SHEDs group was thicker and denser than that in the control group, suggesting a better osseointegration.
Conclusions
The application of implants pre-adhered with SHEDs improved and accelerated early osseointegration around the implant, resulting in thicker and denser trabecular bone.
“…Topographical modifications that generate surface roughness within a 2-4 μm range are favorable to enhance cell differentiation toward osteoblasts lineage, and it also works in vivo because such roughness also improves the interlocking between the bone and the implant. [8][9][10] Concerning other surface properties, the outcomes are unclear.…”
Functionalization of Titanium implants using adequate organic molecules is a proposed method to accelerate the osteointegration process, which relates to topographical, chemical, mechanical, and physical features. This study aimed to assess the potential of a peptide derived from cementum attachment protein (CAP‐p15) adsorbed onto aTiO2 surfaces to promote the deposition of calcium phosphate (CaP) minerals and its impact on the adhesion and viability of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). aTiO2 surfaces were synthesized by magnetron sputtering technique. The CAP‐p15 peptide was physically attached to aTiO2 surfaces and characterized by atomic force microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and water contact angle measurement. We performed in vitro calcium phosphate nucleation assays using an artificial saliva solution (pH 7.4) to simulate the oral environment. morphological and chemical characterization of the deposits were evaluated by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and spectroscopy molecular techniques (Raman Spectroscopy, ATR‐FTIR). The aTiO2 surfaces biofunctionalized with CAP‐p15 were also analyzed for hPDLCs attachment, proliferation, and in vitro scratch‐healing assay. The results let us see that the homogeneous amorphous titanium oxide coating was 70 nanometers thick. The CAP‐p15 (1 μg/mL) displayed the ability to adsorb onto the aTiO2 surface, increasing the roughness and maintaining the hydrophilicity of the aTiO2 surfaces. The physical adsorption of CAP‐p15 onto the aTiO2 surfaces promoted the precipitation of a uniform layer of crystals with a flake‐like morphology and a Ca/P ratio of 1.79. According to spectroscopy molecular analysis, these crystalline deposits correspond to carbonated hydroxyapatite. Regarding cell behavior, the biofunctionalized aTiO2 surfaces improved the adhesion of hPDLCs after 24 h of cell culture, achieving 3.4‐fold when compared to pristine surfaces. Moreover, there was an increase in cell proliferation and cell migration processes. Physical adsorption of CAP‐p15 onto aTiO2 surfaces enhanced the formation of carbonate hydroxyapatite crystals and promoted the proliferation and migration of human periodontal ligament‐derived cells in in vitro studies. This experimental model using the novel bioactive peptide CAP‐p15 could be used as an alternative to increasing the osseointegration process of implants.
“…Ti can also undergo a wide range of surface modifications in order to improve cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, to enhance its osseoconductive and osseointegrative capabilities [6,30,[62][63][64][65][66]. In this regard, the surface of the porous system can be activated by different functionalizing coatings using calcium phosphates [67][68][69][70], demineralized bone matrix [26], decellularized bone (DCB) [25], bone marrow aspirate [71], platelet-rich plasma [72], bone morphogenetic proteins [73,74], mesenchymal stem cells [75,76] and bioactive peptides [77][78][79][80][81][82][83].…”
A lack of primary stability and osteointegration in metallic implants may result in implant loosening and failure. Adding porosity to metallic implants reduces the stress shielding effect and improves implant performance, allowing the surrounding bone tissue to grow into the scaffold. However, a bioactive surface is needed to stimulate implant osteointegration and improve mechanical stability. In this study, porous titanium implants were produced via powder sintering to create different porous diameters and open interconnectivity. Two strategies were used to generate a bioactive surface on the metallic foams: (1) an inorganic alkali thermochemical treatment, (2) grafting a cell adhesive tripeptide (RGD). RGD peptides exhibit an affinity for integrins expressed by osteoblasts, and have been reported to improve osteoblast adhesion, whereas the thermochemical treatment is known to improve titanium implant osseointegration upon implantation. Bioactivated scaffolds and control samples were implanted into the tibiae of rabbits to analyze the effect of these two strategies in vivo regarding bone tissue regeneration through interconnected porosity. Histomorphometric evaluation was performed at 4 and 12 weeks after implantation. Bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone in-growth and on-growth were evaluated in different regions of interest (ROIs) inside and outside the implant. The results of this study show that after a long-term postoperative period, the RGD-coated samples presented higher quantification values of quantified newly formed bone tissue in the implant’s outer area. However, the total analyzed bone in-growth was observed to be slightly greater in the scaffolds treated with alkali thermochemical treatment. These results suggest that both strategies contribute to enhancing porous metallic implant stability and osteointegration, and a combination of both strategies might be worth pursuing.
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