Osteoarthritis: Current Molecular Biomarkers and the Way Forward

Systemic vascular basement membrane markers linked to synovial vascular remodeling are biomarkers of hemarthrosis in patients with hemophilia

“…It is possible that this disparity (no change in osteochondral biomarkers, change in clinical joint health parameters) is due to slow kinetics of biochemical cartilage and bone turnover, and not captured within the time frame of our study. In support, it has been previously shown that an imbalance in cartilage and bone turnover can take decades to manifest as an illness of the joint 5,46 . However, in a rat model of hemophilia, a rise in C2M levels was demonstrated after several consecutive induced hemarthroses, and it correlated well with cartilage degradation several weeks later.…”

“…We an illness of the joint. 5,46 However, in a rat model of hemophilia, a rise in C2M levels was demonstrated after several consecutive induced hemarthroses, and it correlated well with cartilage degradation several weeks later. These findings suggest that repeated bleeding in short succession may incite measurable cartilage destruction.…”

“…3 In particular, markers related to osteochondral and interstitial collagen products have been probed for their usefulness to provide information about joint health in hemophilia. 4 Type I collagen formation (N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen) and degradation (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX-I]) have been used as surrogate biomarkers of bone formation and degradation, respectively, 5,6 whereas type II collagen formation (N-terminal propeptide of type II collagen and PRO-C2) and degradation (C-telopeptide of type II collagen [CTX-II], collagenase generated neoepitope of type II collagen and matrix metalloproteinase 9-mediated degradation of type II collagen (C2M) markers have been used to study cartilage turnover in hemophilia and other arthritic disorders. 5,7 van Vulpen et al showed that urinary C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen and serum chondroitin sulfate 846 increased 5 days after joint bleeding in 10 patients with hemophilia and similar findings were reported in dogs.…”

Imaging and Biochemical Markers for Osteoarthritis

“…However, despite much active research into this area, no single biochemical marker is satisfactorily well-recognized for the diagnosis or prognosis of OA and functions as a credible secondary or supportive endpoint outcome measure in clinical trials of DMOADs [ 25 ]. Nonetheless, from a health economic perspective, biochemical markers are slightly better positioned than imaging markers, which may help them cross the crucial translational barrier by providing an advantage in terms of cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained [ 26 ].…”

Role of Physical Exercise and Nutraceuticals in Modulating Molecular Pathways of Osteoarthritis

“…This detrimental condition has a complex pathogenesis due to its multifactorial nature [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. More specifically, the aberrant expression of degradative proteases or catabolic mediators might be induced in the chondrocytes, which contribute to cartilage erosion [ 7 , 8 ]. This imbalance between anabolic and catabolic processes might damage the structural integrity of the joint cartilage, resulting in stiffness, pain, and limited range of motion (ROM) in the later stages of OA [ 9 , 10 ].…”