Osteocompatibility evaluation of poly(glycine ethyl ester‐co‐alanine ethyl ester)phosphazene with honeycomb‐patterned surface topography

Abstract

Biodegradable amino acid ester-substituted polyphosphazenes are unique biomaterials for tissue engineering. Considering the surface properties as topography and chemical composition having vital roles in regulating cellular response, in this study, a kind of micropatterned polyphosphazene films were prepared and subjected to osteoblasts culture. Briefly, poly(glycine ethyl ester-co-alanine ethyl ester)phosphazene (PGAP) was synthesized, and its solution in chloroform was cast under high (80%) or low (20%) environmental humidity. Honeycomb-patterned or flat PGAP films were resulted. By analyzing with scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscope, and water contact angle measurement, the honeycomb-patterned PGAP films demonstrated higher surface roughness, phosphorous and nitrogen content, and hydrophilicity than the flat one. Although the initial cell attachment and proliferation on PGAP films were inferior to those on conventional poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) films, P-containing PGAP was a sort of bone-binding bioactive polymer. With these alternations, honeycomb-patterned PGAP films had accordingly enhanced protein adsorption and apatite deposition in simulated body fluid and showed great advantages in promoting osteogenous differentiation. The results suggested a potential way to make polyphosphazenes as good choices for bone tissue regeneration by increasing their surface roughness and phosphorous content.

Breath Figure: A Nature-Inspired Preparation Method for Ordered Porous Films

“…328 Urushiol-formaldehyde diethylenetriamine polymer (UFDP, 113), a renewable and eco-friendly biopolymer, was also synthesized and used to fabricate BFA films. 329,330…”

Biodegradable Polyphosphazene-Based Blends for Regenerative Engineering

“…After the removal of the side groups from the polymer backbone, P-OH units are formed followed by the migration of the proton from oxygen to nitrogen, which sensitizes the polymer backbone to hydrolysis. The polymer ultimately degrades into nontoxic degradation products comprising mainly of ammonia, phosphoric acid, and the corresponding side groups [5, 18, 26, 30, 45, 61, 66, 87, 88]. A generalized degradation scheme for degradable polyphosphazenes is presented in Fig.…”

“…However, all of these were better than the PLAGA control, which has been widely accepted as a biocompatible material. Studies by Laurencin and coworkers also demonstrated the tissue biocompatibility of biodegradable PPHOS-PLAGA blends [18, 19, 30, 48, 77, 88, 89, 93]. Nair et al [37]have developed biocompatible blends of PNEA and PLAGA (85:15) at two weight ratios of 25:75 and 50:50.…”

“…Despite polyphosphazenes having unique tunability through their side group chemistry, occasionally this is not enough to meet properties requirements for specific biomedical applications and thus polyphosphazene-based blends have also been explored as potential biomaterials [12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22, 23, 26, 28, 30, 37, 39, 41, 43, 48, 51]. Blending technique is a very cost effective way of producing new polymeric materials with unique properties and without having to go through the rigorous synthetic protocol.…”

Cell studies of hybridized carbon nanofibers containing bioactive glass nanoparticles using bone mesenchymal stromal cells

“…1. It has been well known that substrates with microroughness could enhance cell attachment and promote cell growth in comparison with smooth-surfaced substrates383940. Accordingly, BMSCs seeded on all the three CNF/BG hybrids demonstrated faster proliferation rates than those cells on pure CNF (Fig.…”