Osteoinductive factor as a significant marker for the diagnosis of early diabetic nephropathy

Abstract

Background:The main factor causing chronic kidney disease, which progressively leads to end-stage renal failure, is diabetic nephropathy (DN). This study aims to shed light on the importance of osteoinductive factor (OIF) as a sensitive indicator for the early identification of DN Methods: On 80 participants, this prospective cohort observational research was conducted. A total of 60 of them had diabetes mellitus type 2 based on ADA 2019 guidelines. Four equal groups of patients were created: 20 healthy people made up the group 1 (control group), followed by type 2 diabetes patients with normo-albuminuria in groups 2, micro-albuminuria in groups 3, and macro-albuminuria in groups 4. Results: A substantial elevation in OIF was existed in group 3 compared to group 1 and group 2, while there were no substantial variations among group 1 and group 2. OIF was directly proportionate to the degree of albuminuria. There was important positive relation between OIF and HbA1c %, fasting blood glucose, 2 hours post prandial blood glucose, serum creatinine, blood urea, urine albumin / creatinine ratio, total cholesterol, TG and Low density lipoproteins, while there was negative correlation between OIF and both of glomerular filtration rate and high-density lipoprotein. OIF is significant predictor for early detection of microalbuminuria (Area under the curve (AUC) was 0.869 and p=0.014) at cut-off 9.0 with 86.7% sensitivity and 95% specificity. Conclusions: OIF is a sensitive indicator for early microalbuminuria and increases with progression of diabetic nephropathy, also marker of DN and can be considered as a good predictor for early diabetic nephropathy.