“…Furthermore, the prevalence of infection with hepatitis B, C and human immunodeficiency virus is estimated to be greater than 60 % [2] and 12 % [3], respectively. In HIV patients undergoing antiviral therapy, the risk of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is increased [4][5][6], with a prevalence of approximately 0.74 % [4]. ONFH, together with inflammatory arthropathies due to repetitive bacteremia [7] and posttraumatic conditions are the main reasons for secondary hip osteoarthritis in illicit injecting drug users.…”