Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) in renal cell cancer patients after treatment including zoledronic acid or denosumab

Abstract

Dear Editor, The paper by Henry et al. published by Supportive Care in Cancer comparing efficacy of denosumab versus zoledronic acid in patients with bone metastases of advanced solid tumours [1] comes to integrate the original reports of three pivotal large randomized phase 3 trials [2][3][4], the publication by Saad et al. about osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) in those three trials [5], and the combined outcome analysis by Lipton et al. [6].Henry et al.[1] reported outcomes of the single trial conducted on patients with solid tumours (except breast or prostate cancers, object of other two trials) [2,3], excluding patients with multiple myeloma: This ad hoc analysis confirmed the superiority of denosumab in delaying or preventing skeletal-related events [1]. Amongst side effects, after a median (Q1, Q3) time on study of 6.7 (3.2, 13.0) and 6.4 (3.1, 12.9)months in the two groups, ONJ was reported in six denosumab arm patients (0.8 %) and in nine zoledronic acid arm patients (1.1 %).We wish to underline some sparse data reported in the cited papers, focusing attention on occurrence of ONJ in patients with renal cell cancer (RCC) included in the trial.In the summary ONJ analysis [5] of the above-mentioned three randomized trials comparing zoledronic acid and denosumab in patients with several cancer types and conducted between 2006 and 2009, it appears that an "Oral Event Identified as Potential ONJ" was registered in 276 patients out of 5,723 (4.8 %). Finally, cases of positively adjudicated ONJ according to very strict criteria were only 89 (1.6 %)-37 (1.3 %) on zoledronic acid and 52 (1.8 %) on denosumab. Notably, in the three trials, there were 14 ONJ cases among 464 patients treated with an antiresorptive agent (zoledronic acid or denosumab) and antiangiogenic agents (3.0 %) versus 75 ONJ cases among 5,259 patients receiving zoledronic acid or denosumab without any antiangiogenic agents (1.4 %) [5]: This kind of data seems to enforce recent literature data suggesting possible higher ONJ risk from combination of antiresorptive and antiangiogenic agents [7,8].According to the paper by Saad et al. [5], among 89 total adjudicated ONJ patients (treated either with zoledronic acid or denosumab) there were six RCC patients, out of a total number of enrolled RCC patients of 155 [1,4]. This 6/155 (3.9 %) ONJ frequency in RCC patients is more than twice as high, if compared with the entire patient population (1.6 %).In recent years, bone metastatic RCC patients received routinely targeted therapy, as monoclonal anti-VEGF antibody (bevacizumab), tyrosin-kinase inhibitors (sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib), mTOR inhibitors (temsirolimus, everolimus). Several types of recent reports suggest a relatively high ONJ risk in RCC patients after a combination of bisphosphonates (mostly zoledronic acid) and antiangiogenic agents (mostly sunitinib) [9][10][11][12].The question is: could the antiangiogenic treatment have played a role in the 3.9 % ONJ rate among RCC patients in the trial illustrated by Henry et al.? Unfortunately, a...

Osteonecrosis of jaw beyond antiresorptive (bone-targeted) agents: new horizons in oncology

“…[45,64] As previously noted, [65] there were 14 cases of ONJ in the three trials out of 464 patients (3.0%) who had been treated with an antiresorptive agent (zoledronic acid or denosumab) and antiangiogenic agents versus 75 cases of ONJ cases out of 5259 patients (1.4%) receiving zoledronic acid or denosumab and no antiangiogenic agents. This, therefore, suggests a possible higher risk of ONJ from a combination of antiresorptive and antiangiogenic agents.…”

“…This 6/155 (3.9%) ONJ frequency in RCC patients is more than twice as high if compared with the entire patient population (1.6%). [65] Unfortunately, whether those six RCC patients developing ONJ had received antiangiogenic agents or which bone antiresorptive agent had been administered was not discussed in the quoted reports.…”

Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer Treated With Bisphosphonates and Targeted Agents: Results of an Italian Multicenter Study and Review of the Literature

“…54 Bozas and coworkers 58 identified 5 ONJ cases among 21 RCC patients treated with a combination of NBP and antiangiogenic drugs (23.8%), with a cumulative hazard ratio for ONJ of 5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0%-10%) and 36% (95% CI, 23%-49%) after 12 and 24 months of zoledronate treatment, respectively. The authors' conclusion suggested a potential synergy of sunitinib and zoledronic acid in inducing ONJ.…”

Could the Combined Administration of Bone Antiresorptive Drug, Taxanes, and Corticosteroids Worsen Medication Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws in Cancer Patients?

“…In the author's opinion, the combination of zoledronic acid and taxanes, plus corticosteroids, may have some synergy of effect and a particularly detrimental influence on the severity of MR-ONJ. The observation of these patients represents a starting point for reflection to stimulate the attention of the community to look after the patients treated with bone targeted therapies in combination with other agents and maximize their mouth care [ 36 , 37 ].…”