Other Helicobacters, gastric and gut microbiota

Abstract

The current article is a review of the most important and relevant literature published in 2016 and early 2017 on non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter infections in humans and animals, as well as interactions between H. pylori and the microbiota of the stomach and other organs. Some putative new Helicobacter species were identified in sea otters, wild boars, dogs, and mice. Many cases of Helicobacter fennelliae and Helicobacter cinaedi infection have been reported in humans, mostly in immunocompromised patients. Mouse models have been used frequently as a model to investigate human Helicobacter infection, although some studies have investigated the pathogenesis of Helicobacters in their natural host, as was the case for Helicobacter suis infection in pigs. Our understanding of both the gastric and gut microbiome has made progress and, in addition, interactions between H. pylori and the microbiome were demonstrated to go beyond the stomach. Some new approaches of preventing Helicobacter infection or its related pathologies were investigated and, in this respect, the probiotic properties of Saccharomyces, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. were confirmed.

The choroid plexus epithelium as a novel player in the stomach-brain axis during Helicobacter infection

“…Alterations in the gut microbiome are believed to contribute to many different human health problems (Bercik et al, 2011;Boulange et al, 2016;Bravo et al, 2011;Clapp et al, 2017;Clemente et al, 2012;Dinan and Cryan, 2017b;Fung et al, 2017;Kelly et al, 2017;Ochoa-Reparaz and Kasper, 2014;Parracho et al, 2005;Tognini, 2017;Walters et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2015). Next to the direct effects H. pylori infection on the gastrointestinal system (Camilo et al, 2017;Johnson and Ottemann, 2017;Kusters et al, 2006;Li et al, 2016;Mayer et al, 2014;Pere-Vedrenne et al, 2017;Teng et al, 2017), it has been associated with the occurrence of different neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (Alvarez-Arellano and Maldonado-Bernal, 2014;Doulberis et al, 2017;Roubaud Baudron et al, 2016;Wirdefeldt et al, 2011;Wong et al, 2014) and Parkinson's disease (Alvarez-Arellano and Maldonado-Bernal, 2014;Blaecher et al, 2013;Dinan and Cryan, 2017a;Mridula et al, 2017;Mulak and Bonaz, 2015;Wirdefeldt et al, 2011;Wong et al, 2014). We recently highlighted a similar association of gastric H. suis infections in Parkinson's disease (Blaecher et al, 2013).…”

The Human Gastric Microbiome Is Predicated upon Infection with Helicobacter pylori

“…Nowadays, multiple other microbiota than H.p. have been described in gastric samples (Bik et al, 2006 ; Dong et al, 2016 ; Péré-Védrenne et al, 2017 ). Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria , and Fusobacteria are the most abundant phyla in previous studies detected by culture dependent, mass spectrometry and sequencing approaches (Khosravi et al, 2014 ; Ianiro et al, 2015 ; Dias-Jacome et al, 2016 ).…”

Anatomical Uniqueness of the Mucosal Immune System (GALT, NALT, iBALT) for the Induction and Regulation of Mucosal Immunity and Tolerance

“…Structurally, the various intestinal patches are very similar to one another, differing mostly in their location and number, although the fine details of the cecal and colonic patches have not been thoroughly studied. It is important to remember, however, that the density and composition of the gut microbiota vary dramatically from the stomach to the colon [93] and will certainly affect the development, activity, and functions of the various lymphoid organs in different locations.…”