Other Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha (Aleyrodidae, Phylloxeroidea, and Psylloidea) and Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha. Chapter 9.4

Abstract

Apart from aphids and scales, 52 additional Sternorrhyncha hemipteran species alien to Europe have been identifi ed within Aleyrodidae (27 whitefl y species), Phylloxeroidea (9 adelgids, 2 phylloxerans) and Psylloidea (14 species of jumping plant-lice) in addition to 12 Auchenorrhyncha species (mostly Cicadellidae-8 species). At present, the alien species represent 39% of the total whitefl y fauna and 36% of the total adelgid fauna occuring in Europe. Th e proportion is insignifi cant in the other groups. Th e arrival of alien phylloxerans and adelgids appeared to peak during the fi rst part of the 20 th century. In contrast, the mean number of new records per year of alien aleyrodids, psylloids and Auchenorrhyncha increased regularly after the 1950s. For these three groups, an average of 0.5-0.6 new alien species has been recorded per year in Europe since 2000. Th e region of origin of the alien species largely diff ers between the diff erent groups. Alien aleyrodids and psylloids mainly originated from tropical regions whilst the adelgids and phylloxerans came equally from North America and Asia. A major part of the alien Auchenorrhyncha originated RESEARCH ARTICLE BioRisk A peer-reviewed open-access journalDavid Mifsud et al. / BioRisk 4(1): 511-552 (2010) 512 from North American. Most of these alien species are presently observed in man-made habitats, especially in parks and gardens but alien adelgids are mainly observed in forests because of their association with conifer trees used for aff orestation.

Temporal and interspecific variation in rates of spread for insect species invading Europe during the last 200 years

“…The predatory Harlequin ladybeetle, Harmonia axyridis, has invaded most of Europe since its discovery in 1991 in Belgium (Brown et al 2011 ). Several species associated with palm trees, such as the palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and the palm moth, Paysandisia archon (Lepidoptera: Castniidae), have also expanded their ranges rapidly across the Mediterranean Basin since the early 2000s (Sauvard et al 2010 ;Lopez-Vaamonde et al 2010 ), as did the gall makers, Ophelimus maskelli and Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) , and the psyllids, Acizzia jamatonica and Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Psyllidae; Mifsud et al 2010 ;Bella and Rapisarda 2013 ) associated with Eucalyptus. In contrast, for unknown reasons some species have not spread at all since their establishment, despite apparently favourable conditions.…”

The Auchenorrhyncha of Denmark (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha)

“…The exposure to alien species is becoming higher due to increased travel, increased plant export and climate changes. In addition to human induced introduction, many Auchenorrhyncha species might be able to establish rapidly, change host plants, and spread naturally over vast areas (della Giustina & Balasse 1999, Mifsud et al 2010. A combination of both anemochore expansion (active or passive in air) and anthropochore expansion (by humans) will increase the colonization rate and success for a given species.…”

“…Alien species and range expansion is an increasing phenomenon in Europe, and about 0.5-0.6 new alien Auchenorrhyncha species have been recorded per year in Europe since 2000 (mainly from North America) (Mifsud et al 2010). The exposure to alien species is becoming higher due to increased travel, increased plant export and climate changes.…”

The whitefly species (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) with dark puparium and pupal case recorded in Croatia

“…A. aucubae is an East palearctic species previously recorded in Japan, Taiwan and China and later introduced into the USA (Evans, G. A., 2006). In Europe, it was reported for the first time in Italy in 2006 (Pellizzari & Šimala, 2007) but that publication wrongly identified this species as A. guyavae (Takahashi 1932) (Mifsud et al, 2010). A. aucubae was first found in Croatia in 2013 on lemon seedlings from domestic production in two nurseries in Istria.…”