Ototoxicity of the three xylene isomers in the rat

Maguin, Katy; Lataye, R; Campo, Pierre; Cossec, Benoît; Burgart, Manuella; Waniusiow, Delphine

doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2006.08.007

Cited by 28 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The serial protests against PX (paraxylene) projects in China in, respectively, the cities of Xiamen (2007), Dalian (2011), Ningbo (2012), Kunming (2013), and Pengzhou (2013) are examples of these environmental conflicts. PX is primarily used as a basic raw material in the manufacture of saturated polyester polymers, used in for instance clothing, food packaging, and soft drinks bottles (Maguin et al 2006). Some studies argue that PX has no appreciable adverse non-cancer health risks for exposed populations (Li et al 2014), but other research has found chronic toxicity effects on biological samples (Neuparth et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A governance network perspective on environmental conflicts in China: findings from the Dalian paraxylene conflict

Liu

Bao

et al. 2016

Policy Studies

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Employing the Governance Network framework, this article presents an in-depth case study of the conflict that evolved from 2003 onwards over the construction and operation of a paraxylene plant in Dalian, China. The study explores the usefulness of this framework as an empirical tool to describe and make sense of policy processes and governance in multi-actor situations in China. The analysis shows the lack of anticipation and deliberation by Chinese governments, resulting in the buildup of citizens' concerns, mediated by social media beyond government control. This results in an outbreak of protest followed by uncoordinated governmental responses, with high costs for all parties. It is argued that, because of the underlying institutional causes, the challenges are even greater for Chinese governments to come to grips with the increasing need for internal coordination, deal with new social media, and balance economic and environmental values.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A governance network perspective on environmental conflicts in China: findings from the Dalian paraxylene conflict

Liu

Bao

et al. 2016

Policy Studies

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“…Both the human studies [1][2][3] and animal experiments have shown that toluene, styrene, xylene [4,5], and ethylbenzene [6] can provoke irreversible hearing loss, the cochlea being considered as a target organ for the solvents [7,8]. Despite the implications of this evidence, no significant measure has been undertaken to limit occupational solvent exposures, or occupational solvent and noise exposures, within the European or American community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvent-Induced Hearing Loss: Mechanisms and Prevention Strategy

Campo

Maguin²

2007

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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While noise exposure is the most significant contributor to occupational hearing loss, evidence gained over the last 10 years, has pointed to organic solvents as additional contributors to occupational hearing disorders. Despite the implications of this finding, no significant measure has been undertaken to limit exposure to occupational solvents, or to occupational solvents and noise, within the European community. Guidelines for improving hearing protection of people exposed to solvents, or to solvents and noise, are addressed in the present article. Recently, it has been shown that the lowest-observed-adverseeffect level (LOAEL) of styrene was 300 ppm in active (working wheel) rats, and that the same amount of styrene-induced hearing loss (SIHL) can be obtained with styrene concentration difference of 200 ppm between active and sedentary (inactive) rats. Supported by a reasonable safety factor (SF) of 10, the authors proposed to decrease the French threshold limit value of styrene from 50 to 30 ppm (RfD = LOAEL/SF) to ensure a higher level of protection for human hearing. It is widely acknowledged that outer hair cells in the organ of Corti can be considered as the first target tissue of solvents, while little is known about the action of aromatic solvents on the auditory efferent system. In a recent experiment using both the cochlear microphonic and compound action potentials, the authors have shown that toluene can inhibit the action of the middle ear reflex by modifying the cholinergic receptors. It is likely that toluene affects the cholinergic receptors at the brainstem level. By its anticholinergic-like effect, toluene could allow higher acoustic energy penetration into the cochlea exposed to both noise and solvent. Based on this phenomenon, the authors recommend the use of hearing protection for the lower exposure action value: Lex, 8h = 80 dB(A) in noisy environments polluted by solvents.

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“…Pulmonary uptake (Furman et al, 1998) and hepatic biotransformation of solvents play clearly a discreet role in the ototoxic process Maguin et al, 2006), but they are not sufficient to explain the ototoxic process. If both pulmonary uptake and hepatic metabolism have to be taken into consideration to understand the whole ototoxic process, they are also a real drawback when one wants to study the cochleotoxic process of the parent molecule.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%