OTRA, its implementations and applications: a state-of-the-art review

Singh, A. K.; Senani, Raj; Gupta, Ashish

doi:10.1007/s10470-018-1311-5

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Based on transmission line theory and the characteristics of op-amp input impedance, 22,23 the capacitive component in the system impedance is much larger than both the resistive and inductive components; thus, the device is mainly capacitive in nature, and the resistive and inductive components can be neglected. The system impedance is primarily influenced by the length of the coaxial cable between the APD and the amplifier, and it is frequency-dependent.…”

Section: B Determination Of System Impedancementioning

confidence: 99%

Accurate determination of impact ionization coefficient ratio and temperature dependence of InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes

Ma,

Bai,

Zhang

et al. 2024

AIP Advances

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We propose a broadband noise test method (10 Hz–1 MHz) using a direct power method to measure the excess noise of InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes (APDs) with a separate absorption, grading, charge, and multiplication structure. By this means, the impact ionization coefficient ratio (the k value) can be accurately determined. Compared with previous studies, this method can distinguish between low-frequency noise and excess noise, so for an appropriate high frequency spectral range, the excess noise can be analyzed without mixing in other noise information. Three different APDs fabricated in-house with different diameters (12, 25, and 60 µm) were investigated using the above-mentioned method under temperatures varying from −10 to −40 °C. Our findings showed that the k value of the APDs decreased as the temperature decreased. When the temperature decreased to −40 °C, the k value of the 12, 25, and 60 µm diameter diodes was as low as 0.1, 0.3, and 0.2, respectively. The measurement results are consistent with our device design and not only provide useful information for the future selection of device materials and structures but also demonstrate the feasibility of the broadband noise measurement method in the accurate determination of the k value. It indicates that low excess noise can be achieved by utilizing the temperature dependence of k.

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Section: B Determination Of System Impedancementioning

confidence: 99%

Accurate determination of impact ionization coefficient ratio and temperature dependence of InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes

Ma,

Bai,

Zhang

et al. 2024

AIP Advances

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“…[9]. As an attractive strategy to waver the constraints of conventional Op-Amp [10], Various current mode analog active blocks (AAB) have been reported in the literature namely (second generation current conveyor) CCII [11] , (third generation current conveyor) CCIII [12], (operational transconductance amplifier) OTA [13], (operational trans resistance amplifier) OTRA [14], (differential voltage current conveyor) DVCC [15], (dual X current conveyors) DXCCII [16], (dual X current conveyor transconductance amplifier) DXCCTA [17] and many more. An active block namely DVCCTA is chosen from the above-cited current mode active blocks due to its prominent feature of electronically adjustable transconductance in comparison to Op-Amp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Dual-Mode Dual Type Hysteresis Schmitt Trigger and its Applications using Single Differential Voltage Current Conveyor Transconductance Amplifier

2024

Informacije MIDEM

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This paper introduces a novel Schmitt trigger circuit that can operate in two modes: voltage and trans-impedance mode using a sole Differential Voltage Current Conveyor Transconductance Amplifier (DVCCTA) within the same topology with external grounded resistors. The suggested designs enable dual-type hysteresis (clockwise (CW) and counter-clockwise (CCW)) simultaneously within the same circuit topology. Additionally, the proposed design includes the unique ability to control threshold levels through the transconductance parameter (g m ) of DVCCTA via a grounded resistor. The proposed Schmitt trigger is extended for the application of a square/triangular waveform generator and pulse width modulator to illustrate the utility of the given Schmitt trigger circuit. All the proposed designs are appropriate for IC integration due to the available grounded passive attributes. Moreover, the design comes with a feature of independent control of oscillation frequency using a grounded capacitor eliminates the highest level of parasitics, and lessens the circuit's sensitivity to noise immunity. The maximum absolute deviation of output amplitude is observed to be less than 0.062 % (for CW mode) and 0.038 % (for CCW mode), while for threshold voltages, it is below 0.528 % (CW) and 0.321 % (CCW), respectively against for temperature variations of 0-100 0 C. Realization of DVCCTA uses 20 MOS transistors with 0.18 µm TSMC CMOS technology parameter, which is used to authenticate the workableness of the proposed design through PSPICE. Additionally, Monte Carlo simulations, temperature-dependent variations, non-ideal analysis, schematic layout with post-layout simulation, and also experimental results using ICAD844 are presented to validate the proposed design. The simulated responses correlate with the theoretical prediction.

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“…Active inductors find various applications in the design of analog filters, oscillator circuits, analog phase shifters, parasitic element cancelations, and so on. Simulated lossy inductors, on the other hand, which require lower count of active and passive components and contain less stringent component matching constraints for their realization compared to simulated lossless inductors, find numerous applications in the design of signal processing and generation circuits 2 . In the last four decades, different research groups have reported a large number of active inductor simulators (both in grounded and floating form) employing different ABBs such as operational amplifiers, current conveyors and their variants, operational transconductance amplifiers, current feedback operational amplifiers, current differencing transconductance amplifiers, current following transconductance amplifiers, and many more 3–35 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simulated lossy inductors, on the other hand, which require lower count of active and passive components and contain less stringent component matching constraints for their realization compared to simulated lossless inductors, find numerous applications in the design of signal processing and generation circuits. 2 In the last four decades, different research groups have reported a large number of active inductor simulators (both in grounded and floating form) employing different ABBs such as operational amplifiers, current conveyors and their variants, operational transconductance amplifiers, current feedback operational amplifiers, current differencing transconductance amplifiers, current following transconductance amplifiers, and many more. An operational transresistance amplifier (OTRA) is yet another ABB, which offers additional capability of having virtual ground at its two input terminals which is helpful for eliminating the influence of parasitic impedances of these terminals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Single operational transresistance amplifier‐based grounded resistance‐controlled synthetic inductor configuration

Bhaskar

Garima

Kumar

2022

Circuit Theory & Apps

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In this paper, a grounded lossy inductance (parallel RL type) simulator circuit employing an operational transresistance amplifier (OTRA), five resistors, and a virtually grounded capacitor is proposed. The value of simulated inductor can be controlled independently through a grounded resistance and/or virtually grounded capacitor without affecting the parallel equivalent resistance. Application examples using the presented lossy inductor have been provided. The performance of the application examples has been verified by sample experimental results employing an OTRA implemented using AD844‐type current feedback operational amplifiers.

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OTRA, its implementations and applications: a state-of-the-art review

Cited by 11 publications

References 97 publications

Accurate determination of impact ionization coefficient ratio and temperature dependence of InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes

Accurate determination of impact ionization coefficient ratio and temperature dependence of InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes

A Novel Dual-Mode Dual Type Hysteresis Schmitt Trigger and its Applications using Single Differential Voltage Current Conveyor Transconductance Amplifier

Single operational transresistance amplifier‐based grounded resistance‐controlled synthetic inductor configuration

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