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Plants are frequently exposed to environmental challenges. Responses to sub-lethal abiotic stress combinations are complex and often distinct from responses to individual stresses and remain poorly understood. Investigating traits and molecular factors mediating acclimation to stress combinations is essential for the development of climate change-resilient field crops. Here, we studied the morphological, physiological, and molecular responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to i) co-occurring high temperature and drought and ii) flooding followed by drought, both of which have increased in frequency due to climate change, and the individual component stresses: high temperature, drought and flooding. A set of 15 physiological and morphological traits were assessed during single and combined stresses. By combining these comprehensive trait analyses with transcriptome characterization, we established the generally additive negative effects of simultaneous or sequential stresses on plant morphology and physiology compared to the corresponding individual stresses. Although drought had a mild effect on various growth, morphological and physiological traits in both stress combinations, a unique transcriptome signature emerged upon combination with high temperature simultaneously or flooding sequentially. Molecular processes identified as important for multi-stress resilience included plastid-nucleus communication, ABA signaling and photo-acclimation. Based on the RNA-seq data, a set of 39 genes was identified as potential multi-stress response regulators. Mutants were tested to validate the contribution of these genes to plant survival and phenotypic acclimation under combined stress. We confirmed the involvement of several genes in regulating phenotypic acclimation traits. Among the identified factors were EARLY FLOWERING 6 (ELF6) and ARABIDOPSIS TÓXICOS EN LEVADURA 80 (ATL80), with substantial effects on plant growth, leaf development and plant survival (wilting) during high-temperature drought and post-submergence drought, respectively.
Plants are frequently exposed to environmental challenges. Responses to sub-lethal abiotic stress combinations are complex and often distinct from responses to individual stresses and remain poorly understood. Investigating traits and molecular factors mediating acclimation to stress combinations is essential for the development of climate change-resilient field crops. Here, we studied the morphological, physiological, and molecular responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to i) co-occurring high temperature and drought and ii) flooding followed by drought, both of which have increased in frequency due to climate change, and the individual component stresses: high temperature, drought and flooding. A set of 15 physiological and morphological traits were assessed during single and combined stresses. By combining these comprehensive trait analyses with transcriptome characterization, we established the generally additive negative effects of simultaneous or sequential stresses on plant morphology and physiology compared to the corresponding individual stresses. Although drought had a mild effect on various growth, morphological and physiological traits in both stress combinations, a unique transcriptome signature emerged upon combination with high temperature simultaneously or flooding sequentially. Molecular processes identified as important for multi-stress resilience included plastid-nucleus communication, ABA signaling and photo-acclimation. Based on the RNA-seq data, a set of 39 genes was identified as potential multi-stress response regulators. Mutants were tested to validate the contribution of these genes to plant survival and phenotypic acclimation under combined stress. We confirmed the involvement of several genes in regulating phenotypic acclimation traits. Among the identified factors were EARLY FLOWERING 6 (ELF6) and ARABIDOPSIS TÓXICOS EN LEVADURA 80 (ATL80), with substantial effects on plant growth, leaf development and plant survival (wilting) during high-temperature drought and post-submergence drought, respectively.
Plants are frequently exposed to environmental challenges. Responses to sub-lethal abiotic stress combinations are complex and often distinct from responses to individual stresses and remain poorly understood. Investigating traits and molecular factors mediating acclimation to stress combinations is essential for the development of climate change-resilient field crops. Here, we studied the morphological, physiological, and molecular responses ofArabidopsis thalianato i) co-occurring high temperature and drought and ii) flooding sequentially followed by drought, both of which have increased in frequency due to climate change. A set of 15 physiological and morphological traits were assessed during single and combined stresses. By combining these comprehensive trait analyses with transcriptome characterization, we established the generally additive effects of simultaneous or sequential stresses on plant morphology and physiology compared to the corresponding individual stresses. Although drought had a mild effect in both stress combinations, a unique transcriptome signature emerged upon combination with high temperature simultaneously or flooding sequentially. Molecular processes identified as important for multi-stress resilience included plastid-nucleus communication, ABA signaling and photo-acclimation. Based on the RNA-seq data, a set of 39 genes was identified as potential multi-stress response regulators. Mutants were tested to validate their contribution to plant survival and phenotypic acclimation under combined stress. We confirmed the involvement of several genes in regulating phenotypic acclimation traits. Among the novel identified factors are EARLY FLOWERING 6 (ELF6) and ARABIDOPSIS TÓXICOS EN LEVADURA (ATL80), with significant effects on plant growth, leaf development and plant survival (wilting) during high-temperature drought and post-submergence drought respectively.
The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a deciduous fruit tree that grows worldwide. However, there are variants, which stay green in mild winter conditions and are determined evergreen. The evergreen trait is of commercial and scientific importance as it extends the period of fruit production and provides opportunity to identify genetic functions that are involved in sensing environmental cues. Several different evergreen pomegranate accessions from different genetic sources grow in the Israeli pomegranate collection. The leaves of deciduous pomegranates begin to lose chlorophyll during mid of September, while evergreen accessions continue to generate new buds. When winter temperature decreases 10°C, evergreen variants cease growing, but as soon as temperatures arise budding starts, weeks before the response of the deciduous varieties. In order to understand the genetic components that control the evergreen/deciduous phenotype, several segregating populations were constructed, and high-resolution genetic maps were assembled. Analysis of three segregating populations showed that the evergreen/deciduous trait in pomegranate is controlled by one major gene that mapped to linkage group 3. Fine mapping with advanced F3 and F4 populations and data from the pomegranate genome sequences revealed that a gene encoding for a putative and unique MADS transcription factor (PgPolyQ-MADS) is responsible for the evergreen trait. Ectopic expression of PgPolyQ-MADS in Arabidopsis generated small plants and early flowering. The deduced protein of PgPolyQ-MADS includes eight glutamines (polyQ) at the N-terminus. Three-dimensional protein model suggests that the polyQ domain structure might be involved in DNA binding of PgMADS. Interestingly, all the evergreen pomegranate varieties contain a mutation within the polyQ that cause a stop codon at the N terminal. The polyQ domain of PgPolyQ–MADS resembles that of the ELF3 prion-like domain recently reported to act as a thermo-sensor in Arabidopsis, suggesting that similar function could be attributed to PgPolyQ-MADS protein in control of dormancy. The study of the evergreen trait broadens our understanding of the molecular mechanism related to response to environmental cues. This enables the development of new cultivars that are better adapted to a wide range of climatic conditions.
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