Our Fragile Water Planet

Mantell, C. L.; Mantell, A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-0754-9

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Considering only production to date, Texas shale gas has a cumulative water use efficiency of 8.310.4 L per gigajoule (L/GJ) if auxiliary consumption (drilling and sand mining for proppant production) is added. Mantell provided shale-gas water use efficiency for a large company operating in Texas and elsewhere but likely representative of the industry, and proposed an ultimate water efficiency of 4.8 L/GJ for the Barnett Shale and 2.3 L/GJ for the Tx-Haynesville Shale. Ultimate and cumulative water use efficiency values should converge, provided that projected EURs are correct.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Use for Shale-Gas Production in Texas, U.S.

Nicot

Scanlon

2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

450

373

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Shale-gas production using hydraulic fracturing of mostly horizontal wells has led to considerable controversy over water-resource and environmental impacts. The study objective was to quantify net water use for shale-gas production using data from Texas, which is the dominant producer of shale gas in the U.S. with a focus on three major plays: the Barnett Shale (~15,000 wells, mid-2011), Texas-Haynesville Shale (390 wells), and Eagle Ford Shale (1040 wells). Past water use was estimated from well-completion data, and future water use was extrapolated from past water use constrained by shale-gas resources. Cumulative water use in the Barnett totaled 145 Mm(3) (2000-mid-2011). Annual water use represents ~9% of water use in Dallas (population 1.3 million). Water use in younger (2008-mid-2011) plays, although less (6.5 Mm(3) Texas-Haynesville, 18 Mm(3) Eagle Ford), is increasing rapidly. Water use for shale gas is <1% of statewide water withdrawals; however, local impacts vary with water availability and competing demands. Projections of cumulative net water use during the next 50 years in all shale plays total ~4350 Mm(3), peaking at 145 Mm(3) in the mid-2020s and decreasing to 23 Mm(3) in 2060. Current freshwater use may shift to brackish water to reduce competition with other users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Use for Shale-Gas Production in Texas, U.S.

Nicot

Scanlon

2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

450

373

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“…The salinity of wastewater varies among different shale plays. It also differs based on factors such as well location and volume of water produced. ,,− Therefore, wastewater TDS levels can vary widely within a play. Nevertheless, some plays clearly produce water with higher TDS levels than others (see Table S3 in the Supporting Information).…”

Section: Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Use and Management in the Bakken Shale Oil Play in North Dakota

Horner

Harto

Jackson

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Oil and natural gas development in the Bakken shale play of North Dakota has grown substantially since 2008. This study provides a comprehensive overview and analysis of water quantity and management impacts from this development by (1) estimating water demand for hydraulic fracturing in the Bakken from 2008 to 2012; (2) compiling volume estimates for maintenance water, or brine dilution water; (3) calculating water intensities normalized by the amount of oil produced, or estimated ultimate recovery (EUR); (4) estimating domestic water demand associated with the large oil services population; (5) analyzing the change in wastewater volumes from 2005 to 2012; and (6) examining existing water sources used to meet demand. Water use for hydraulic fracturing in the North Dakota Bakken grew 5-fold from 770 million gallons in 2008 to 4.3 billion gallons in 2012. First-year wastewater volumes grew in parallel, from an annual average of 1,135,000 gallons per well in 2008 to 2,905,000 gallons in 2012, exceeding the mean volume of water used in hydraulic fracturing and surpassing typical 4-year wastewater totals for the Barnett, Denver, and Marcellus basins. Surprisingly, domestic water demand from the temporary oilfield services population in the region may be comparable to the regional water demand from hydraulic fracturing activities. Existing groundwater resources are inadequate to meet the demand for hydraulic fracturing, but there appear to be adequate surface water resources, provided that access is available.

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“…For the Marcellus, 95% of flowback was assumed to be recycled because of the longdistance transport requirements to dispose of the fluid via injection wells. For the other plays, where injection wells are located nearby, recycle rates were assumed to be 20% of flowback for the Barnett and Fayetteville plays and 0% for the Haynesville play (Mantell 2010a). The total volume of recycled fluid depends on the fraction of frac fluid that flows back up the well after hydraulic fracturing activities, which varies considerably among the different shale plays.…”

Section: Hydraulic Fracturing and Management Of Flowback Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Life-cycle analysis of shale gas and natural gas.

Clark¹,

Han²,

Burnham³

et al. 2012

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The technologies and practices that have enabled the recent boom in shale gas production have also brought attention to the environmental impacts of its use. Using the current state of knowledge of the recovery, processing, and distribution of shale gas and conventional natural gas, we have estimated up-to-date, life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, we have developed distribution functions for key parameters in each pathway to examine uncertainty and identify data gapssuch as methane emissions from shale gas well completions and conventional natural gas liquid unloadingsthat need to be addressed further. Our base case results show that shale gas life-cycle emissions are 6% lower than those of conventional natural gas. However, the range in values for shale and conventional gas overlap, so there is a statistical uncertainty regarding whether shale gas emissions are indeed lower than conventional gas emissions. This life-cycle analysis provides insight into the critical stages in the natural gas industry where emissions occur and where opportunities exist to reduce the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas.

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Our Fragile Water Planet

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Water Use for Shale-Gas Production in Texas, U.S.

Water Use for Shale-Gas Production in Texas, U.S.

Water Use and Management in the Bakken Shale Oil Play in North Dakota

Life-cycle analysis of shale gas and natural gas.

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