“…For example, mass has a different meaning for Newton and Einstein, they are speaking different languages, and so there is no way to perform a definitive test of the two theories. However, consistent with the present theme, incommensurability at the theoretical level does not imply incommensurability at the empirical level (Godfrey-Smith, 2003;Trafimow, 2020). Two researchers who disagree about how to conceptualize mass nevertheless can agree on a clock reading.…”