Over time, varied ecological perspectives have evolved in the social and behavioral sciences to provide explanatory models for behavior in social, cultural, and historical context. The purpose of the present paper is to compare and contrast two such perspectives and their implications for translational science. The perspectives are the ecology of human development from developmental psychology (Bronfenbrenner) and the ecological metaphor from community psychology (Kelly and colleagues). Comparison of the two ecological perspectives highlight both similarities, such as an emphasis on systems theory, and differences in such fundamental areas as goals and philosophy of sciences. Implications for translational science include questions raised by ecological perspectives about potential factors affecting the generalizability of findings and the importance of creating feedback loops in translational research designs.What is the significance of this article for the general public?Ecological thinking is important to translational science because of the complexity and intractability of many real-world, social issues. This paper contrasts and clarifies two ecological perspectives employed heavily by psychology and public health researchers, chosen for the ubiquity of their use and the value in the contrast between them. Our analysis brings forward important nuances in these perspectives and provides researchers with guidance on applying ecological thinking to translational science.