Out-of-clinic measurement of sweat chloride using a wearable sensor during low-intensity exercise

Choi, Dong-Hoon; Kitchen, Grant; Jennings, Mark T.; Cutting, Garry R.; Searson, Peter C.

doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0257-z

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Monitoring of electrolyte loss requires measurement of electrolyte concentration (either Cl – or Na + ) and sweat rate. Wearable sensors for the measurement of sweat concentration are relatively advanced, − and hence the development of wearable sweat rate sensors has the potential to enable integrated measurement of electrolyte loss in real time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Capacitive Sweat Rate Sensor for Continuous and Real-Time Monitoring of Sweat Loss

et al. 2020

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Individualized measurement of sweat loss under heat stress is important in assessing physical performance and preventing heat-related illness for athletes or individuals working in extreme environments. The objective of this work was to develop a low-cost and easy-to-fabricate wearable sensor that enables accurate real-time measurement of sweat rate. A capacitive-type sensor was fabricated from two conducting parallel plates, plastic insulating layers, and a central microfluidic channel formed by laser cutting a plastic film. The device has no microfabricated electrodes and is assembled using adhesive tape. Sensor accuracy was validated at different flow rates and confirmed using an equivalent circuit model of the device. On-body measurements demonstrate the feasibility of real-time measurements and show good agreement with values determined from a conventional sweat collection device.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Capacitive Sweat Rate Sensor for Continuous and Real-Time Monitoring of Sweat Loss

et al. 2020

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“…The detection of cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most used sweat diagnostics [ 15 , 16 ]. CF is a genetic disease, which causes a defective ion transfer through the epithelial cellular membranes (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channels).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screen-Printed Sensor for Low-Cost Chloride Analysis in Sweat for Rapid Diagnosis and Monitoring of Cystic Fibrosis

et al. 2020

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Analysis of sweat chloride levels in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is essential not only for diagnosis but also for the monitoring of therapeutic responses to new drugs, such as cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators and potentiators. Using iontophoresis as the gold standard can cause complications like burns, is uncomfortable, and requires repetitive hospital visits, which can be particularly problematic during a pandemic, where distancing and hygiene requirements are increased; therefore, it is necessary to develop fast and simple measures for the diagnosis and monitoring of CF. A screen-printed, low-cost chloride sensor was developed to remotely monitor CF patients. Using potentiometric measurements, the performance of the sensor was tested. It showed good sensitivity and a detection limit of 2.7 × 10−5 mol/L, which covered more than the complete concentration range of interest for CF diagnosis. Due to its fast response of 30 s, it competes well with standard sensor systems. It also offers significantly reduced costs and can be used as a portable device. The analysis of real sweat samples from healthy subjects, as well as CF patients, demonstrates a proper distinction using the screen-printed sensor. This approach presents an attractive remote measurement alternative for fast, simple, and low-cost CF diagnosis and monitoring

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“…Hydration monitoring, perspiration analysis, stress monitoring, early detection of cystic fibrosis, and thermal-comfort detection are some of the major health-tracking proposals of sweat volume and analyte-based wearables. McColl et al utilized moisture-level tracking to optimize wound dressing management, and many other studies report on wound exudate analysis to make effective wound-healing monitoring. , There are also reports for numerous feasibility studies employing wound discharge pH to monitor the healing progress, , and other researches have shown the exudate impedance changes as a pointer for infection detection. , The analytical studies based on the biofluids largely depend on the quantification of biomarkers such as volume, , ionic concentration, − bacterial presence, , pH, , and similar parameters.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…There are also sweat collection devices built to quantify sweat loss and they use microchannels reported in previous studies. , A recent study developed a novel methodology for early detection of cystic fibrosis, and here the researchers use potentiometric measurements to monitor the sweat chloride content in the biofluid. This work also studied sweat rate measurements with the help of an additional sweat collecting device to attain error-free measurements . These kinds of electrochemical potential quantifications on wearables are not affected by the fluid volume above the required threshold to perform measurements.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…This work also studied sweat rate measurements with the help of an additional sweat collecting device to attain error-free measurements. 15 These kinds of electrochemical potential quantifications on wearables are not affected by the fluid volume above the required threshold to perform measurements. Current approaches utilize the active stimulation of the sweat glands with exercise to produce an adequate volume of sweat (more than 10 μL) to be able to perform the analysis.…”

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Monitoring Body Fluids in Textiles: Combining Impedance and Thermal Principles in a Printed, Wearable, and Washable Sensor

et al. 2021

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This work explores the feasibility of coupling two different techniques, the impedance and the transient plane source (TPS) principle, to quantify the moisture content and its compositional parameters simultaneously. The sensor is realized directly on textiles with the use of printing and coating technology. Impedance measurements use the fluid's electrical properties, while the TPS measurements are based on the thermal effusivity of the liquid. Impedance and TPS measurements show equal competency in measuring the fluid volume with a lowest measurable quantity of 0.5 μL, enabling ultralow volume passive measurements for sweat analysis. Both sensor principles were tested by monitoring the drying of a wet cloth and the measurements show perfect repeatability and accuracy. Nevertheless, when the biofluid property changes, the TPS sensor does not reflect this information on its readings, whereas, on the other hand, impedance can provide information on compositional changes. However, since the volume of the fluid changes simultaneously, one cannot differentiate between a volume change and a compositional change from impedance measurements alone. Therefore, we show in this work that we can apply impedance to measure the compositional properties; meanwhile, the TPS measurements accurately carry out volume measurements irrespective of the interferences from its compositional variations. To prove this, both of these techniques are applied for the quantification and composition monitoring of sweat, showing the capability to measure moisture content and compositional parameters simultaneously. TPS measurements can also be an indicator of the local temperature of the medium confined by the sensor, and it does not influence the fluid parameters. Compiling both impedance and thermal sensors in a single platform triggers smart wearable prospects of metering the liquid volume and simultaneously analyzing other compositional changes and body temperature. Finally, the repeatability and stability of the sensor readings and the washability of the device are tested. This device could be a potential sensing tool in real-life applications, such as wound monitoring and sweat analysis, and could be a promising addition toward future smart wearable sensors.

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Out-of-clinic measurement of sweat chloride using a wearable sensor during low-intensity exercise

Cited by 18 publications

References 11 publications

A Capacitive Sweat Rate Sensor for Continuous and Real-Time Monitoring of Sweat Loss

A Capacitive Sweat Rate Sensor for Continuous and Real-Time Monitoring of Sweat Loss

Screen-Printed Sensor for Low-Cost Chloride Analysis in Sweat for Rapid Diagnosis and Monitoring of Cystic Fibrosis

Monitoring Body Fluids in Textiles: Combining Impedance and Thermal Principles in a Printed, Wearable, and Washable Sensor

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