2005
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.12.091
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Out-of-field photon and neutron dose equivalents from step-and-shoot intensity-modulated radiation therapy

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Cited by 230 publications
(196 citation statements)
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“…For departments with Varian 18‐MV beams, the neutron dose should be estimated and included in the calculations of whole‐body dose equivalent. Based on previously published data, (32) we can estimate the whole‐body dose equivalent resulting from neutrons to be approximately 2 – 5 mSv if a higher energy were to be used with the same number of MUs. This neutron dose should have been included in the calculation of the risk of second cancers, and it would have increased the risk by approximately 4% – 10%, based on the treatment modality and on the MSF.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…For departments with Varian 18‐MV beams, the neutron dose should be estimated and included in the calculations of whole‐body dose equivalent. Based on previously published data, (32) we can estimate the whole‐body dose equivalent resulting from neutrons to be approximately 2 – 5 mSv if a higher energy were to be used with the same number of MUs. This neutron dose should have been included in the calculation of the risk of second cancers, and it would have increased the risk by approximately 4% – 10%, based on the treatment modality and on the MSF.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In our study, the neutron dose was not considered in our calculations for the equivalent effective dose, because the nominal 18‐MV photons are generated by a 14 MeV electron beam on a Siemens Primus LINAC, and we previously measured the neutron dose and found it to be insignificant. ( 19 , 32 ) Also, in our department, prostate IMRT is generally treated with 10‐MV beams; only very rarely—for larger and older (>65 years) patients—is the 18‐MV photon energy used. For departments with Varian 18‐MV beams, the neutron dose should be estimated and included in the calculations of whole‐body dose equivalent.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Neutron dose equivalent (DE) was estimated using a modified version of the McCall (19) method developed by Kry et al (21) McCall's formalism was modified to update the neutron radiation weighting factors and divide the fast neutron fluence into its direct and scattered components. Neutron dose equivalent was calculated using the neutron fluence and the conversion factor H: DEfalse(mSvfalse)=ΦH=ΦdirHdir+ΦscHsc+ΦthHth …”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For each linear accelerator manufacturer, we assumed the same average direct neutron energy as has been previously measured for photon therapy (22) . Uncertainty in these type of measurements are typically around 20%‐30% 21 , 23 …”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Rando phantom was irradiated with a complete treatment of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy for prostate [approximately 40 000 monitor units (MUs), with a field size of approximately 10×10cm) (1) . The treatment plan and irradiation procedure were repeated for 6, 10, 15, and 18 MV irradiations as previously described, (1) and the entire process was repeated using TLD‐700. The doses measured using TLD‐700 were taken to be the correct doses (in comparison to the doses measured using TLD‐100).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%