Out of the Tropics: Evolutionary Dynamics of the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient

Jablonski, David; Roy, Kaustuv; Valentine, James W.

doi:10.1126/science.1130880

Cited by 758 publications

(910 citation statements)

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“…Our population size hypothesis would therefore predict, all else being equal, higher diversity. Further, as climate periodically causes bottlenecks at higher latitudes, this would dramatically lower the effective population sizes at high latitudes, reducing the potential for diversification ( Jablonski et al 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…B IODIVERSITY varies widely across the planet, along gradients of temperature and productivity (Mittelbach et al 2001;Willig et al 2003;Hillebrand 2004;Pennisi 2005;Suding et al 2005;Jablonski et al 2006). The near-infinite complexity and variability of natural ecosystems has, perhaps, slowed our ability to both characterize patterns and elucidate mechanisms underlying the origin and maintenance of this biodiversity.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Diversification Rates Increase With Population Size and Resource Concentration in an Unstructured Habitat

et al. 2007

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Understanding the mechanisms controlling the generation and maintenance of biodiversity provides some of the planet's greatest and most pressing challenges. Variation in resource concentration, which varies widely at multiple scales, may cause biodiversity to increase, decrease, or exhibit a unimodal response and underlying mechanisms remain obscure. We established experimental cultures of long-term stationary phase (LTSP) Escherichia coli to test whether per capita heterozygosity varies with resource concentration, and, if so, whether population sizes associated with different resource concentrations contributed to these patterns. Our results provide the clearest example to date of increasing per capita heterozygosity with increasing resource concentration. Further, our experimental manipulations of population size, independent of resource concentration, provide the first unequivocal evidence that population size is one of the underlying factors controlling per capita heterozygosity along such resource gradients. Specifically, we show that cultures with higher maximum population sizes, associated with higher resource concentrations, have higher per capita heterozygosity. These experiments provide the first experimental evidence for an underappreciated factor controlling biodiversity along resource gradients-population size. This direct evidence of population size influencing diversification rates has implications for regional and global scale patterns of biodiversity.

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confidence: 99%

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Diversification Rates Increase With Population Size and Resource Concentration in an Unstructured Habitat

et al. 2007

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“…Variation in the productivity, heterogeneity and stability of the environment may also be important for species richness. A latitudinal gradient of increasing biodiversity from the poles to the equator has been noted for many organisms (see Jablonski et al, 2006), including mosquito species (Foley et al, 2007). The underlying mechanism for this phenomenon may vary depending on the organism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Allen and Gillooly (2006) showed that for fossil ocean plankton, species richness and speciation rates both peak near the equator even after controlling for sampling effort and habitat area. Jablonski et al (2006) showed that for genera and subgenera of marine bivalves, taxa have preferentially originated in the tropics and expanded toward the poles without losing their tropical presence. Weir and Schlüter (2007), however, found that for birds and mammals faster speciation at higher latitudes contributes to the latitudinal diversity gradient.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A worldwide database of georeferenced mosquito collection records would enable new insights into global patterns of mosquito biodiversity and survey history. Jablonski et al (2006) identified origination rate, extinction rate, and migration as the fundamental determinants of spatial patterns of biodiversity. The species-area relationship for a country is expected to primarily reflect the sampling effort, evolutionary history, and the intrinsic ability of the land to support different mosquito species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The value of georeferenced collection records for predicting patterns of mosquito species richness and endemism in the Neotropics

Foley¹,

Weitzman²,

Miller³

et al. 2007

Ecological Entomology

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Abstract. 1. Detennining large-scale distribution patterns for mosquitoes could advance knowledge of global mosquito biogeography and inform decisions about where mosquito inventory needs are greatest.2. Over 43 000 georeferenced records are presented of identified and vouchered mosquitoes from collections undertaken between 1899 and 1982, from 1853 locations in 42 countries throughout the Neotropics. Of 492 species in the data set, 23% were only recorded from one location, and Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann is the most common species.3. A linear log-log species-area relationship was found for mosquito species number and country area. Chile had the lowest relative density of species and Trinidad-Tobago the highest, followed by Panama and French Guiana.4. The potential distribution of species was predicted using an Ecological Niche Modelling (ENM) approach. Anopheles species had the largest predicted species ranges, whereas species of Deinocerites and Wyeomyia had the smallest.5. Species richness was estimated for 1° grids and by summing predicted presence of species from ENM. These methods both showed areas of high species richness in French Guiana, Panama, Trinidad-Tobago, and Colombia. Potential hotspots in endemicity included unsampled areas in Panama, French Guiana, Colombia, Belize, Venezuela, and Brazil.6. Argentina, The Bahamas, Bermuda, Bolivia, Cuba, and Peru were the most underrepresented countries in the database compared with known country species occurrence data. Analysis of species accumulation curves suggested patchiness in the distribution of data points, which may affect estimates of species richness.7. The data set is a first step towards the development of a global-scale repository of georeferenced mosquito collection records.

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Diversity of Life through Time

Simpson

Kiessling

2010

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Global diversity is the total number of taxa living in the present day or at any time in the geological past. Reconstructing the trajectory of global diversity by compiling data from the fossil record has been a major research agenda for palaeontologists for decades. The goal is to produce an accurate reconstruction of the pattern of global diversity that will ultimately allow us to understand the causes of diversity increases, decreases and transitions in the composition of the biota. The Paleobiology Database, a new large‐scale database based on individual collections of fossil taxa, allows palaeontologists to standardise sampling, thereby controlling for vagaries of the fossil record. Collection‐level data also allows researchers to identify any asynchrony of changes in diversity among regions of the globe, with the ultimate goal of identifying the habitats or environments that support biodiversity growth. Key Concepts: Biodiversity is the number of taxa alive in any interval of time. Given that not all taxa are readily preserved in the fossil record and not all taxa can be counted, trajectories of interpolated changes in biodiversity are more relevant than estimates of extrapolated diversity. Ancient biodiversity patterns are biased in multiple ways; extreme care must be taken to adjust for biases. Diversification can be positive and negative; mass depletions of biodiversity are caused by severe and rapid environmental changes, whereas major increases of diversity are more gradual being governed by recoveries from mass extinctions and evolutionary innovations. Evidence for limits of diversity is increasing in the fossil and molecular records. Different taxa dominated at different times. New taxa tend to originate in shallow tropical reef environments.

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Out of the Tropics: Evolutionary Dynamics of the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient

Cited by 758 publications

References 60 publications

Diversification Rates Increase With Population Size and Resource Concentration in an Unstructured Habitat

Diversification Rates Increase With Population Size and Resource Concentration in an Unstructured Habitat

The value of georeferenced collection records for predicting patterns of mosquito species richness and endemism in the Neotropics

Diversity of Life through Time

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