Outbreak-Associated Cases Of Human Hepatitis Viruses (HAV, HBV & HCV) With Herpes Simplex Virus And HIV Infections Detected in Blood-Based Biomarkers

Abstract

Hepatitis A vaccines are based on classic first-generation inactivated virus vaccines and have been developed by different biopharmaceuticals. HAV is found in the stool, blood of people who are infected and foodborne hepatitis. HBV is a short-term disease and is one of the major causative agents of chronic liver illness. For others, it can become a long-term, chronic infection like liver disease or liver cancer. The analysis of genomic variability of HBV isolates is fundamental for molecular and epidemiological studies. HCV has a higher rate of mutation existing inside an individual as quasispecies. In this sense, this study addresses an analysis of viral hepatitis A/B/C, Herpervirus Simplex (HSV) type 1/2 and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as topics related to comprehensive care for people with sexually transmitted infections (STIs). A total of 2.750 samples were collected from 2.713 patients, of which 38,43% were for HCV; 31,20% for HIV research; 30,25% for HAV and 0,10% for HSV. In all, eight biomarkers of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) were investigated, of which the HBsAg marker was non-reactive in 44,01% (2022 y) and 47.66% (2023 y). About 31,41% (2022 y) and 31.99% (2023y) were reactive for anti-HBs. The highest percentage of investigated samples (98.38%) was recorded in March 2022 with a average proportion of 55.25 ± 12.96 (CV = 0.234) for the non reactive IgM biomarker. The authors suggest follow-up with new serological research associated with molecular assays aimed specifically at reactive and inconclusive results.

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“…Thousands of people are infected by these often silent diseases that only manifest themselves when clinical signs are very advanced. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the main causative agents of long-term chronic infection [5].…”

“…HBV is classified in the Hepadnaviridae family divided into two genera: Orthohepadnavirus and Avihepadnavirus. HBV genotypes have been described in nine types based on a divergence of more than 8% (A -J, type I is a subtype of type C) and based on a divergence of more than 4% genotypes A -D, F and I [1,5].…”

“…Infection produces two types of viral particles: whole genome and spherical particles containing infectious particles (42 nm), as well as non-infectious spherical or filamentous particles (22 nm) and subviral particles composed exclusively of HBsAg. An expression system (as used in papilloma vaccines, the first licensed recombinant vaccine produced from yeast expression) was used for isolation of Hepatitis B surface antigen from human plasma of chronic HBV patients (Heptavax-B, Merck & Co), and was launched in 1981 [1,5].…”

“…It is a global public health problem that affects more than 70% of the population and it is estimated that 170 million people suffer from chronic hepatitis lesions. This virus leads to severe fibrosis and cirrhosis, liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma [1,5,7,9]. Genetic variations particularly within the hypervariable region-1 (HVR-1) and low titers of anti-E2 antibodies or interference of non-neutralizing antibodies with the function of neutralizing antibodies may be associated with non-protection against HCV.…”