Outbreak of Acquired Ocular Toxoplasmosis Involving 248 Patients

Balasundaram, Manohar Babu; Andavar, Raghuram; Palaniswamy, Manikandan; Narendran, Venkatapathy

doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.354

Cited by 128 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The 1.7% of cataract was similar to the findings of Balasundaram et al 30 and Tugal-Tutkun et al, 26 but considerably lower than the 13% reported by Bosch-Driessen et al; 5 the comparatively high rate of complications in the latter series is presumably due to the longer follow-up. Interestingly, although raised IOP is often associated with an OT episode 23,29,30 glaucoma as a complication is rare; that is, in the study of TugalTutkun et al, although an IOP rise was seen in 8% patients during active OT, there was no case of glaucoma as a complication, 26 nor was it seen in the series of Balasundaram et al 30 In our series, one case was complicated by glaucoma secondary to OT.…”

Section: Eyesupporting

confidence: 78%

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Clinical pattern of ocular toxoplasmosis treated in a referral centre in Serbia

Kovačević-Pavićević

Radosavljević

Ilić

et al. 2012

Eye

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Section: Eyesupporting

confidence: 78%

“…22,26 However, the rate of vitritis was lower than generally reported, 22,26,29,30 which may suggest that the level of vitreous haze was not always reliably recorded, particularly if low.…”

Section: Eyementioning

confidence: 82%

Clinical pattern of ocular toxoplasmosis treated in a referral centre in Serbia

Kovačević-Pavićević

Radosavljević

Ilić

et al. 2012

Eye

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“…They are not killed by chemical and physical treatments currently applied in water treatment plants, including chlorination and ozone treatment (111). Outbreaks associated with the contamination of reservoirs supplying water, such as those described for the Greater Victoria area of British Columbia, Canada (16); in Santa Isabel do Ivai, Brazil (76); or in Coimbatore, India (21), involved a large number of patients. The epidemics were preceded by peaks of heavy rainfall and turbidity in the implicated reservoirs.…”

Section: Infection Through Oocystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of and Diagnostic Strategies for Toxoplasmosis

2012

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SUMMARY The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii was discovered a little over 100 years ago, but knowledge of its biological life cycle and its medical importance has grown in the last 40 years. This obligate intracellular parasite was identified early as a pathogen responsible for congenital infection, but its clinical expression and the importance of reactivations of infections in immunocompromised patients were recognized later, in the era of organ transplantation and HIV infection. Recent knowledge of host cell-parasite interactions and of parasite virulence has brought new insights into the comprehension of the pathophysiology of infection. In this review, we focus on epidemiological and diagnostic aspects, putting them in perspective with current knowledge of parasite genotypes. In particular, we provide critical information on diagnostic methods according to the patient's background and discuss the implementation of screening tools for congenital toxoplasmosis according to health policies.

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“…In India, Balasundaram et al (2010) described ocular involvement due to toxoplasmosis in 248 patients who had active retinochoroiditis and toxoplasmic serology suggesting recently acquired disease. Delair et al (2008) analysed 425 cases of ocular toxoplasmosis, 100 (23.5 %) were acquired, 62 (14.6 %) were congenital, and 263 (61.9 %) were of unknown origin.…”

Section: Parasitic Zoonoses In Europementioning

confidence: 99%

Factors of occurrence of ocular toxoplasmosis. A review

Talabani¹,

Mergey²,

Yera³

et al. 2010

Parasite

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Diagnosis is usually based on ophthalmological examination and is confirmed by the response to specific treatment, but also by biological assays including local antibody production, PCR and Western Blot (RobertGangneux et al., 2004; Talabani et al., 2009;Villard et al., 2003). The incidence and the prevalence of this com-The incidence and the prevalence of this complication are difficult to establish precisely. In 1993, a survey in a French hospital service of ophthalmology showed that OT was seen in less than one per thousand outpatients (Dupouy-Camet et al., 1995). In another study performed in Germany, Jakob et al. (2009) reported that toxoplasmosis accounted for 4.2 % of all cases of uveitis at their referral centre. Jones et al. (2010) estimated that 4,839 people develop symptomatic OT each year in the United States. Ocular toxoplasmosis is a complication of both acquired acute and reactivated congenital toxoplasmosis (Delair et al., 2008;Holland, 1999; Stanford et al., 2006). Ocular disease severity can be influenced by variation in parasite isolates, parasitic load, route of infection and host-related factors such as immune function, age and pregnancy. FACTORS OF OCCURENCE OF OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS (OT)ot complicates not only congenital but also acquired inFections C lassically, retinochoroiditis secondary to acquired toxoplasmosis was considered an exceptional event in immunocompetent individuals, and was usually defined as a periodic reactivation of latent cysts associated with undiagnosed congenital infections. But recent data, based on ophthalmological examination, seem to establish that acquired infection might be responsible for most cases. This fact was particularly demonstrated by outbreaks reported in Canada, Brazil or India. In Canada, amongst 100 individuals infected during a water-borne outbreak, 19 had OT (Bowie et al., 1997). In southern Brazil 17.7 % of 1,042 individuals examined had OT. The prevalence of the lesions was 0.9 % in 1-to 8-year-olds and 21.3 % in all individuals older than 13, suggesting that in this population, the Summary: Acquired and congenital toxoplasmosis are frequently complicated by ocular toxoplasmosis. The diagnosis relies on clinical aspects, response to specific treatment and results of biological assays. The incidence and the prevalence of this complication are difficult to establish precisely and depend on the prevalence of the parasite infection in the general population, and are affected by factors such as type of exposure to the parasite, genetic backgrounds of the parasite and the host, and type of immune response elicited by the parasite.KEY WORDS: toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma, eye, retinochoroiditis.Article available at http://www.parasite-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2010173177 TALABANI H., MERGEY T., YERA H. ET AL. 178 Parasitic zoonoses in EuropeParasite, 2010, 17, 177-182 disease was a sequela of postnatal rather than congenital infection (Glasner et al., 1992). In India, Balasundaram et al. (2010) described ocular involvement due to t...

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Outbreak of Acquired Ocular Toxoplasmosis Involving 248 Patients

Cited by 128 publications

References 21 publications

Clinical pattern of ocular toxoplasmosis treated in a referral centre in Serbia

Clinical pattern of ocular toxoplasmosis treated in a referral centre in Serbia

Epidemiology of and Diagnostic Strategies for Toxoplasmosis

Factors of occurrence of ocular toxoplasmosis. A review

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