Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in New England Seals

Puryear, Wendy B.; Sawatzki, Kaitlin; Hill, Nichola J.; Foss, Alexa D.; Stone, Jonathon J.; Doughty, Lynda; Walk, Dominique; Gilbert, Katie; Murray, Maureen; Cox, Elena; Patel, Priya; Mertz, Zak; Ellis, Stephanie; Taylor, Jennifer; Fauquier, Deborah; Smith, Ainsley; DiGiovanni, Robert A.; Gonzalez‐Reiche, Ana S.; Khalil, Zain; Bakel, Harm van; Torchetti, Mia Kim; Lenoch, Julianna B.; Lantz, Kristina; Runstadler, Jonathan A.

doi:10.1101/2022.07.29.501155

Cited by 37 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Interestingly, 3 out of 11 animals in this study were negative in anal and throat swab and HPAI diagnosis would have been missed without additional brain samples. Other studies also reported the presence of HPAI H5 virus in the brain of various wild carnivore species [ 3 , 5 , 7 ]. Full genome sequencing of the carnivore viruses, followed by phylogenetic analysis, demonstrated that they belonged to H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b and that the carnivore viruses were related to viruses detected in wild birds in the Netherlands.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Zoonotic Mutation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Identified in the Brain of Multiple Wild Carnivore Species

et al. 2023

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Wild carnivore species infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1 during the 2021-2022 outbreak in the Netherlands included red fox (Vulpes vulpes), polecat (Mustela putorius), otter (Lutra lutra), and badger (Meles meles). Most of the animals were submitted for testing because they showed neurological signs. In this study, the HPAI H5N1 virus was detected by PCR and/or immunohistochemistry in 11 animals and was primarily present in brain tissue, often associated with a (meningo) encephalitis in the cerebrum. In contrast, the virus was rarely detected in the respiratory tract and intestinal tract and associated lesions were minimal. Full genome sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that these carnivore viruses were related to viruses detected in wild birds in the Netherlands. The carnivore viruses themselves were not closely related, and the infected carnivores did not cluster geographically, suggesting that they were infected separately. The mutation PB2-E627K was identified in most carnivore virus genomes, providing evidence for mammalian adaptation. This study showed that brain samples should be included in wild life surveillance programs for the reliable detection of the HPAI H5N1 virus in mammals. Surveillance of the wild carnivore population and notification to the Veterinary Authority are important from a one-heath perspective, and instrumental to pandemic preparedness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…However, cases were also recently detected in marine Artiodactyla, specifically porpoises and dolphins [ 3 ]. Currently, a likely route of infection is through ingestion, e.g., feeding on infected birds or carcasses; however, in the case of the seals in North America, interspecies transmission could not be excluded [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Mutation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Identified in the Brain of Multiple Wild Carnivore Species

et al. 2023

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“…As of November of 2022, it appears that mammalian infections have not resulted in circulating infections. However,Puryear et al (2022) recovered a genetic mutation associated with mammalian adaptation, which indicates the potential for host adaptation and additional One Health implications. Two human infections have so far been detected: one case in January of 2022 in the United Kingdom by someone who raised residential ducks(Oliver et al 2022); one case in April of 2022 in Colorado, USA by a person associated with infected poultry culling (CDC Newsroom 2022).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

The Changing Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1: Next Steps for Management & Science in North America

Harvey¹,

Mullinax²,

Runge³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 was introduced in North America in late 2021 through trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific pathways via migratory birds. These introductions have resulted in an unprecedented and widespread epizootic event for North America, heavily affecting poultry and free-living wild birds in the spring and summer of 2022. The North American incursions are occurring in the context of Europe’s largest epidemic season (2021 – 2022) where HPAIV may now be enzootic. A continued North American epizootic is expected in the fall of 2022 as migratory waterfowl return from their breeding grounds. The magnitude of the North American HPAIV spread indicates the need for effective decision framing to prioritize ongoing management needs and scientific inquiry, particularly for species at risk and interface areas for wildlife, poultry, and humans. The challenges of this global One Health disease could benefit from a decision framing which may result in improved collaboration across stakeholders, identification of management options, and prioritization of scientific needs. Here, we provide an overview of the Eurasian origin HPAIV H5N1 introduction, including a shift in the dynamics of disease, which has resulted in severe disease in wild birds. It is unclear if wild bird may have been previously not exposed or asymptomatic to disease. We seek to bring attention to the detrimental effects this One Health issue may have on wild birds, poultry, and potentially human health and to suggest that reframing ongoing disease management as decisions, rather than as scientific endeavors, could be a valuable change in focus.

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“…A new wave was observed in 2016–2017 by a novel reassortant of H5N8 and H5N5 of clade 2.3.4.4b and resulted in the death of millions of birds in several countries worldwide [ 18 ]. Recently, in late 2020, different genotypes of HPAI H5N1 within clade 2.3.4.4b have emerged in wild birds and were detected in several countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ], which led to the death of over 70 million birds [ 21 , 23 ]. During natural circulation, the HA gene of the HPAI H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b reassorted with four different low pathogenic viruses to produce the recent H5N1 virus, which then reassorted with other distinctive AIV variants and generated at least 15 different H5N1 genotypes [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus (H5N1) of Clade 2.3.4.4b in Egypt, 2021–2022

Mosaad¹,

El-Husseiny²,

Zanaty³

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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Wild migratory birds have the capability to spread avian influenza virus (AIV) over long distances as well as transmit the virus to domestic birds. In this study, swab and tissue samples were obtained from 190 migratory birds during close surveillance in Egypt in response to the recent outbreaks of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus. The collected samples were tested for a variety of AIV subtypes (H5N1, H9N2, H5N8, and H6N2) as well as other pathogens such as NDV, IBV, ILT, IBDV, and WNV. Among all of the tested samples, the HPAI H5N1 virus was found in six samples; the other samples were found to be negative for all of the tested pathogens. The Egyptian HPAI H5N1 strains shared genetic traits with the HPAI H5N1 strains that are currently being reported in Europe, North America, Asia, and Africa in 2021–2022. Whole genome sequencing revealed markers associated with mammalian adaption and virulence traits among different gene segments, similar to those found in HPAI H5N1 strains detected in Europe and Africa. The detection of the HPAI H5N1 strain of clade 2.3.4.4b in wild birds in Egypt underlines the risk of the introduction of this strain into the local poultry population. Hence, there is reason to be vigilant and continue epidemiological and molecular monitoring of the AIV in close proximity to the domestic–wild bird interface.

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Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in New England Seals

Cited by 37 publications

References 19 publications

Zoonotic Mutation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Identified in the Brain of Multiple Wild Carnivore Species

Zoonotic Mutation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Identified in the Brain of Multiple Wild Carnivore Species

The Changing Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1: Next Steps for Management & Science in North America

Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus (H5N1) of Clade 2.3.4.4b in Egypt, 2021–2022

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