Outbreak of human leptospirosis linked to contaminated water bodies in Northern Israel, June to August 2018

Dadon, Yuval; Haas, Eric J.; Kaliner, Ehud; Anis, Emilia; Singer, Shepherd Roee; Atiya-Nasagi, Yafit; Cohen-Dar, Michal; Avramovich, Eva; King, Roni; Sued, Oded; Goshen, T.; Amit, Sharon; Miskin, Ian; Gino, Efrat; Yishai, Ruth; Grotto, Itamar; Moran-Gilad, Jacob

doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.38.1800486

Cited by 15 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Systematic detection and standardized reporting of outbreaks are necessary to understand determinants, mechanisms, and trends across different geographic regions. Leptospirosis continues to cause outbreaks resulting in excess illness, deaths, and health care costs (11)(12)(13)(14)(15). As with many other infectious diseases (16), attention to leptospirosis increases after recognized outbreaks, but dissipates after the emergency has subsided, resulting in the slow pace of outbreak research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic literature review of leptospirosis outbreaks worldwide, 1970–2012

Muñoz-Zanzi

Groene

Morawski

et al. 2020

Revista Panamericana De Salud Pública

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Objective. This review describes the geographic and temporal distribution of, detection methods for, and other epidemiological features of published leptospirosis outbreaks, with the aim of informing efforts to standardize outbreak-reporting practices. Methods. We conducted a systematic review of leptospirosis outbreaks reported in the scientific literature and ProMED during 1970–2012. Predefined criteria were used to identify and classify outbreaks and a standard form was used to extract information. Results. During 1970–2012, we identified 318 outbreaks (average: 7 outbreaks/year; range: 1–19). Most outbreaks were reported in the Latin America and the Caribbean region (36%), followed by Southern Asia (13%), and North America (11%). Most outbreaks were located in tropical and subtropical ecoregions (55%). Quality classification showed that there was clear description of laboratory-confirmed cases in 40% of outbreaks. Among those, the average outbreak size was 82 cases overall (range: 2–2 259) but reached 253 cases in tropical/subtropical ecoregions. Common risk factors included outdoor work activities (25%), exposure to floodwaters (23%), and recreational exposure to water (22%). Epidemiologic investigation was conducted in 80% of outbreaks, mainly as case interviews. Case fatality was 5% overall (range: 0%–60%). Conclusions. Outbreak reporting increased over the study period with outbreaks covering tropical and non-tropical regions. Outbreaks varied by size, setting, and risk factors; however, data reviewed often had limited information regarding diagnosis and epidemiology. Guidelines are recommended to develop standardized procedures for diagnostic and epidemiological investigations during an outbreak and for reporting.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic literature review of leptospirosis outbreaks worldwide, 1970–2012

Muñoz-Zanzi

Groene

Morawski

et al. 2020

Revista Panamericana De Salud Pública

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“…Nonetheless, general disinfection methods and physical removal techniques would be considered necessary for the control of Leptospirosis. Adequate surrogates for Leptospira removal in engineered systems have not been identified, but traditional fecal indicators (i.e., Escherichia coli and Enterococci) have recently been used to assess environmental risk during a leptospirosis outbreak in Israel (Dadon et al, 2018). Sports events in apparently pristine surface waters have been frequently linked to leptospirosis outbreaks (Sejvar et al, 2003), suggesting that coliforms and E. coli counts may not be a good indicator of leptospiral risk (Morgan et al, 2002).…”

Section: Reductions By Sanitation Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptospira and Leptospirosis

Goarant¹,

Trueba²,

Bierque³

et al. 2019

Water and Sanitation for the 21st Century: Health and Microbiological Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management (Global Wate

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The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization.

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“…This may be attributed to the fact that none of the horse farms tested in the south had close proximity to cattle grazing areas, or to the differences in climate, available pasture areas, and prevalent wildlife species between the north and the south of the country. The geographic and temporal progression reported in cattle reached the Carmel area in 2015–2018 (SEB, personal communication), which corresponds with the detection of seropositive equines, and later resulted in an outbreak of human cases in the Golan Heights (approximately 80 km northeast) in 2018 [ 14 ]. The documented seroconversion of horses in farm 2 between 2015 and 2017 suggests that the exposure to this pathogen was novel in this area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2018, an unusual outbreak of human leptospirosis was reported, with approximately 500 documented cases. This outbreak was associated with water recreational activities in specific rivers at the Galilee Lake rivers basin [ 14 ]. This outbreak was followed by an increased prevalence of animal leptospirosis in the same region through 2019.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in Horses in Israel

Tirosh-Levy

Baum²,

Schvartz

et al. 2021

Pathogens

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Leptospirosis has been reported in both humans and animals in Israel but has not been reported in horses. In 2018, an outbreak of Leptospira spp. serogroup Pomona was reported in humans and cattle in Israel. In horses, leptospirosis may cause equine recurrent uveitis (ERU). This report describes the first identification of Leptospira serogroup Pomona as the probable cause of ERU in horses in Israel, followed by an epidemiological investigation of equine exposure in the area. Serologic exposure to Leptospira was determined by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using eight serovars. In 2017, serovar Pomona was identified in a mare with signs of ERU. Seven of thirteen horses from that farm were seropositive for serogroup Pomona, of which three had signs of ERU. During the same time period, 14/70 horses from three other farms were positive for serogroup Pomona. In 2015, two years prior to this diagnosis, 259 horses from 21 farms were sampled and one horse tested seropositive for serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae. In 2018, one year later, 337 horses were sampled on 29 farms, with none testing seropositive. Although horses are not considered a major host of Leptospira spp., it appears that horses may be infected, and clinically affected, in the course of an outbreak in other species. The identification of leptospirosis in stabled horses may impose a significant zoonotic risk to people.

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Outbreak of human leptospirosis linked to contaminated water bodies in Northern Israel, June to August 2018

Cited by 15 publications

References 4 publications

A systematic literature review of leptospirosis outbreaks worldwide, 1970–2012

A systematic literature review of leptospirosis outbreaks worldwide, 1970–2012

Leptospira and Leptospirosis

Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in Horses in Israel

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