Outbreak of Moraxella catarrhalis in a respiratory unit.

Richards, Sarah‐Jane; Greening, A P; Enright, Mark C.; Morgan, M. G.; McKenzie, Hamish

doi:10.1136/thx.48.1.91

Cited by 43 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…Most of these outbreaks involved respiratory tract infections and some occurred exclusively in pulmonary units [10,12,31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…McLeod et al [11] reported that 43 of 81 patients (53%) with M. catarrhalis infection were infected in a hospital and that the infection was associated with the proximity of the patient to other patients. Most nosocomial infections with M. catarrhalis involve the respiratory tract and outbreaks have been reported in respiratory units and paediatric intensive care units [10,12].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Pulmonary thin-section CT findings in acuteMoraxella catarrhalispulmonary infection

Okada¹,

Ando²,

Nakayama³

et al. 2011

BJR

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Objective: Moraxella catarrhalis is an important pathogen in the exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and pulmonary thin-section CT findings in patients with acute M. catarrhalis pulmonary infection. Methods: Thin-section CT scans obtained between January 2004 and March 2009 from 292 patients with acute M. catarrhalis pulmonary infection were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical and pulmonary CT findings in the patients were assessed. Patients with concurrent infection including Streptococcus pneumoniae (n572), Haemophilus influenzae (n561) or multiple pathogens were excluded from this study. Results: The study group comprised 109 patients (66 male, 43 female; age range 28-102 years; mean age 74.9 years). Among the 109 patients, 34 had community-acquired and 75 had nosocomial infections. Underlying diseases included pulmonary emphysema (n574), cardiovascular disease (n544) or malignant disease (n541). Abnormal findings were seen on CT scans in all patients and included ground-glass opacity (n599), bronchial wall thickening (n585) and centrilobular nodules (n579). These abnormalities were predominantly seen in the peripheral lung parenchyma (n599). Pleural effusion was found in eight patients. No patients had mediastinal and/or hilar lymph node enlargement. Conclusions: M. catarrhalis pulmonary infection was observed in elderly patients, often in combination with pulmonary emphysema. CT manifestations of infection were mainly ground-glass opacity, bronchial wall thickening and centilobular nodules. Moraxella catarrhalis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, oxidase-positive diplococcus that was first described in 1896 [1]. The pathogen, also known as Micrococcus catarrhalis, Neisseria catarrhalis and Brahamella catarrhalis, is a clinically important pathogen and is a common cause of respiratory infections, particularly otitis media in children and lower respiratory tract infection in elderly patients [2][3][4][5]. M. catarrhalis is considered to be the third most common and most important cause of bronchopulmonary infections after Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae [6,7]. In the Alexander project in Europe and the US between 1992 and 1993, M. catarrhalis was identified in 13.5% of bacterial isolates [8].M. catarrhalis has also gained attention as a nosocomial respiratory pathogen and as a community-acquired pathogen. On the basis of epidemiological evidence, the spread of M. catarrhalis was suggested to occur within the hospital environment [9,10]. McLeod et al [11] reported that 43 of 81 patients (53%) with M. catarrhalis infection were infected in a hospital and that the infection was associated with the proximity of the patient to other patients. Most nosocomial infections with M. catarrhalis involve the respiratory tract and outbreaks have been reported in respiratory units and paediatric intensive care units [10,12].M. catarrhalis infection has received increasing attention because it is an important factor in the acute exacerbation of...

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“…Most of these outbreaks involved respiratory tract infections and some occurred exclusively in pulmonary units [10,12,31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary thin-section CT findings in acuteMoraxella catarrhalispulmonary infection

Okada¹,

Ando²,

Nakayama³

et al. 2011

BJR

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“…M. catarrhalis has also been implicated as an important cause of respiratory disease in adults with predisposing conditions (41). Studies from several centers have reported clusters of nosocomial outbreaks of M. catarrhalis, most of which occurred in pulmonary care units (43,45). Although multiple studies have described specific bacterial components considered potential virulence factors, the steps involved in the pathogenesis of M. catarrhalis colonization and infection remain elusive (28,41).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipooligosaccharide P ^k (Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glc) Epitope of Moraxella catarrhalis Is a Factor in Resistance to Bactericidal Activity Mediated by Normal Human Serum

Zaleski¹,

Scheffler

Densen

et al. 2000

Infect Immun

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Moraxella catarrhalis is a respiratory pathogen responsible for acute bacterial otitis media in children and exacerbation of chronic bronchitis in adults. M. catarrhalis strains are frequently resistant to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum. In order to determine if the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of M. catarrhalis has a role in serum resistance, the UDP-glucose-4-epimerase (galE) gene was identified, cloned, and sequenced and a deletion/insertion mutation was introduced into M. catarrhalis strain 2951. GalE enzymatic activity, measured in whole-cell lysates, was ablated in M. catarrhalis 2951 galE. Mass spectrometric analysis of LOS isolated with hot phenol-water confirmed that strain 2951 produced a type A LOS. These studies showed that the LOS from 2951 galE had lost two hexose residues due to the galE mutation and that the resultant LOS structure lacked the (Gal␣1-4Gal␤1-4Glc) P k epitope found on M. catarrhalis 2951. Wild-type M. catarrhalis 2951 is resistant to complement-mediated serum bactericidal activity. In contrast, a greater than 2-log 10 -unit reduction in CFU occurred after incubation of 2951 galE in either 50 or 25% pooled human serum (PNHS), and CFU in 10% PNHS decreased by about 1 log 10 unit. These studies suggest that the P k epitope of the LOS may be an important factor in the resistance of M. catarrhalis to the complement-mediated bactericidal effect of normal human serum.Moraxella catarrhalis is a human respiratory pathogen that is currently the third leading cause of otitis media along with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae (10). Studies from various centers in the United States, Europe, and Asia used tympanocentesis to demonstrate that 15 to 20% of the middle-ear infections occurring in young children were caused by M. catarrhalis (10,15,16,18,46). M. catarrhalis has also been implicated as an important cause of respiratory disease in adults with predisposing conditions (41). Studies from several centers have reported clusters of nosocomial outbreaks of M. catarrhalis, most of which occurred in pulmonary care units (43,45). Although multiple studies have described specific bacterial components considered potential virulence factors, the steps involved in the pathogenesis of M. catarrhalis colonization and infection remain elusive (28, 41). One feature of this organism which has stimulated the interest of a number of investigators is its resistance to killing by normal human serum. Recent studies have focused on components of the bacterial outer membrane, as these structures would most likely be available for interaction with the host immune response. One prominent bacterial surface component, implicated as a potential virulence factor, is the lipooligosaccharide (LOS).The LOS is similar to those of other airway pathogens such as H. influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Bordetella pertussis in lacking O antigens typical of the enteric gram-negative bacilli. There are three M. catarrhalis serotypes (A, B, and C) based on chemically defined differences in the ...

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“…Preliminary observations involving typing of strains indicate that some of the clusters involved infections with several distinct strains of B. catarrhalis (13,121). Other studies implicate person-to-person transmission and suggest that hospital personnel may be involved in transmission (135,144). Analysis of strains from outbreaks by newly developed typing methods will be important in elucidating the factors responsible for nosocomial outbreaks so that rational strategies for prevention can be implemented.…”

Section: Nosocomial Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most widely used method to type strains of B. catarrhalis to date has been restriction endonuclease analysis of genomic DNA (44,45,58,89,118,121,134,135,144). More recently, a more refined form of restriction endonuclease analysis involving pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of large fragments of genomic DNA has been developed (99,102).…”

Section: Genotype-based Typing Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower respiratory tract infection

Sharland¹

2016

OSH Manual of Childhood Infections

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Outbreak of Moraxella catarrhalis in a respiratory unit.

Cited by 43 publications

References 3 publications

Pulmonary thin-section CT findings in acuteMoraxella catarrhalispulmonary infection

Pulmonary thin-section CT findings in acuteMoraxella catarrhalispulmonary infection

Lipooligosaccharide P ^k (Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glc) Epitope of Moraxella catarrhalis Is a Factor in Resistance to Bactericidal Activity Mediated by Normal Human Serum

Lower respiratory tract infection

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Outbreak of Moraxella catarrhalis in a respiratory unit.

Cited by 43 publications

References 3 publications

Pulmonary thin-section CT findings in acuteMoraxella catarrhalispulmonary infection

Pulmonary thin-section CT findings in acuteMoraxella catarrhalispulmonary infection

Lipooligosaccharide P k (Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glc) Epitope of Moraxella catarrhalis Is a Factor in Resistance to Bactericidal Activity Mediated by Normal Human Serum

Lower respiratory tract infection

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Lipooligosaccharide P ^k (Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glc) Epitope of Moraxella catarrhalis Is a Factor in Resistance to Bactericidal Activity Mediated by Normal Human Serum