Outbreak of Paralysis in Morocco Due to Ortho-Cresyl Phosphate Poisoning

Smith, Harriet J; Spalding, J. M. K.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(59)91486-2

Cited by 154 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…Ten thousand Moroccans who ingested TOCP-contaminated cooking oil in 1959, and 600 Indians who consumed contaminated rapeseed oil in 1988, also became ill. 107,108 Later, the paralysis of several British workers exposed to mipafox clarified that the ability of TOCP to cause OPIDN was not unique and other OPs also provoked it. This finding spurred the start of still continuing investigations into the mechanism of this syndrome.…”

Section: Organophosphorus Induced Delayed Neuropathy (Opidn)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotoxic Effects Associated with Current Uses of Organophosphorus Compounds

Mangas

Vilanova

Estévez

et al. 2016

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

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Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are a large and diverse class of chemicals that have been synthesized, since the XIX century for several purposes like chemical weapons, flame-retardants, ectoparasiticides and investigational new drugs, but mainly as agrochemicals in agriculture and indoor. Although the amount of OP pesticides being used is declining, especially in developed countries, OPs continue being one of the most important classes of insecticides and chemical warfare agents today due to its toxic effects on the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Existing research on the toxicological effects of OPs is extensive, however, there is a lack of knowledge on the long-term effects of low levels of OPs and their exactly pathways of toxicity. Recent data prove that other molecular targets than AChE could be targeted by OPs, triggering these effects. Here these data are reviewed and it is highlighted that the current uses of OPs are producing several neurotoxic effects. It is also shown that, to protect people from possible uses and misuses of OPs, more regulations on OPs are needed. Moreover, more mechanistic studies are needed to completely understand their toxicological interactions and mechanisms of action and to identify the whole group of enzymes that interact with them.

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Section: Organophosphorus Induced Delayed Neuropathy (Opidn)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotoxic Effects Associated with Current Uses of Organophosphorus Compounds

Mangas

Vilanova

Estévez

et al. 2016

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

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“…It is estimated that 50 000 people were affected.76 Other sudden outbreaks of peripheral neuropathy due to tri-o-cresyl phosphate have been reported in India, South Africa, and Morocco. [77][78][79] More recently, an epidemic of a neurological syndrome the clinical features of which were dominated by a peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy occurred in Spain as a result of the use of denatured rape seed oil that was sold as cooking oil. Neuropathological studies showed the unusual appearance of an intense inflammatory perineuritis followed by perineurial fibrosis with degeneration of myelinated axons.…”

Section: Diabetic Neuropathiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy

Hughes¹

1995

Current Opinion in Neurology

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Peripheral neuropathy occurs as a component of several common and many rare diseases. It is heterogenous in aetiology, diverse in pathology, and varied in severity. The term peripheral neuropathy includes symmetric polyneuropathy, single and multiple mononeuropathy, and radiculopathy. Further classification depends on a mixture of phenomenological, pathological, and genetic or other aetiological features. All of these things cause problems for epidemiologists who, without agreed definitions of what constitutes a case, find it difficult to describe patterns of occurrence of disease. Perhaps it is not very surprising that information about the descriptive epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy derived from population based studies is scarce.What data do exist suggest that peripheral neuropathy may be rather commoner than is usually thought. A recent study, carried out in two regions of Italy, estimated the frequency of chronic symmetric symptomatic polyneuropathy in people over the age of 55 years attending general practitioners' surgeries. Probable polyneuropathy was diagnosed if they answered positively to a screening questionnaire for neuropathic symptoms and showed signs compatible with peripheral neuropathy when examined by a neurologist.' Around 8% of people met these diagnostic criteria for polyneuropathy. The commonest condition associated with polyneuropathy was diabetes. This study was not population based; only people already attending their general practitioner were included-a group in whom chronic disease is likely to be overrepresented and who will therefore be at increased risk of neuropathy. Despite this caveat, the rate of polyneuropathy detected was surprisingly high. Two studies of prevalence, one in Bombay2 and the other in Sicily,3 also suggest that peripheral neuropathy is common in the community. Cases were identified by a door to door survey. Those who answered positively to questions about sensory or motor symptoms were examined by a neurologist. In Bombay the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy was 2-4% and the commonest diagnoses were carpal tunnel syndrome and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In Sicily, 7% of the population responded positively to the initial screening questions. After further investigation, diabetic neuropathy was diagnosed in 0 3% but no details about the frequency of other types of neuropathy were published.Peripheral neuropathies are a disparate group of diseases. Attempts to consider them as a whole emphasise their contribution to the burden of disease and disability in the community, but may obscure interesting epidemiological features that could lead to a better understanding of aetiology. In this review we consider the commoner forms of peripheral neuropathy separately. Diabetic neuropathiesThe neuropathic complications of diabetes mellitus include distal, symmetric, predominantly sensory neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, asymmetric proximal neuropathy, and cranial and other mononeuropathies. Several of these neuropathic manifestations may coexist in same patient....

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“…Contamination of food supplies by some organic pesticides (endrin, parathion) resulted in severe CNS effects (271,272,275,276), whereas others caused either no effect (DDT at low doses) (266) or, for hexachlorobenzene, a severe cutaneous porphyria (273,274 (255,256), and PCBs (chloracne, reproductive disorders, and bances) (27,264,265).…”

Section: Contamination Of Food Suppliesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possibilities of detecting health effects by studies of populations exposed to chemicals from waste disposal sites.

Buffler¹,

Crane²,

Key³

1985

Environ Health Perspect

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Factors affecting the design of an epidemiologic study assessing possible health effects from chemical waste disposal sites are reviewed. Such epidemiologic studies will most likely be prompted either by a known release of chemicals into the environment around the site, or by an unusual disease cluster in a population near the site. In the latter situation, a method for evaluating the health effects is needed, and one possible approach is discussed. In the former situation, it may not be obvious what health outcomes are relevant.Reported associations between health effects and chemicals in humans were reviewed. Studies from the occupational and environmental literature were classified by chemical and target organ affected and presented in tabular form. No attempt was made to critically evaluate the quality of evidence for each health effect, although bibliographic documentation was provided where possible. Episodes of chemical contamination of food, drinking water and other media were also reviewed and presented in a separate table.The organ sites likely to be affected by toxic chemicals from waste disposal sites depend heavily on the route of exposure and the dose that is received. Ingestion is the most frequently reported route of exposure in episodes of environmental contamination. These have affected the hepatic, renal, hematopoietic, reproductive, and central nervous systems. The type and severity of effects were dose-dependent. Direct skin contact is important in the occupational environment where dermal and central nervous system effects have been reported but seems less likely as a route of exposure for populations around waste disposal sites. Inhalation, unless at relative high concentrations or as a result of fire, is unlikely to be important, although hematopoietic, reproductive, and central nervous system effects have been reported in occupational studies. General ConsiderationsConsideration of the potential human biologic or health effects that might be detected among populations residing near chemical waste disposal sites requires information on the toxicity of the materials disposed and the conditions of exposure of human populations. The issues related to consideration of the potential human health effects will be briefly reviewed.The design and conduct of an appropriate epidemiologic study requires documentation of the number, type, and volume of chemicals disposed, the time period of operation, and the particular chemicals and quantities currently present. In the absence of such information it is nearly impossible to determine either the necessity for an epidemiologic study or the specific type of health effects to be assessed.Assuming that information on the type and amounts of toxic materials is assembled, it is then important to consider the potential for human exposure. What are the most likely environmental pathways, e.g, surface water, ground water, air, direct contact? The assessment will depend on several factors, including the structure and integrity of the chemical waste disposal site...

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Outbreak of Paralysis in Morocco Due to Ortho-Cresyl Phosphate Poisoning

Cited by 154 publications

References 1 publication

Neurotoxic Effects Associated with Current Uses of Organophosphorus Compounds

Neurotoxic Effects Associated with Current Uses of Organophosphorus Compounds

Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy

Possibilities of detecting health effects by studies of populations exposed to chemicals from waste disposal sites.

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