Outbreak of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections on the island of Gran Canaria associated with the consumption of inadequately pasteurized cheese

Bordes-Benítez, Ana; Sánchez-Oñoro, Mónica; Suárez-Bordón, Pino; Rojas, A; Sáez-Nieto, Juan Antonio; González-García, Andrés; Álamo-Antúnez, Isabel; Sánchez-Maroto, A.; Bolaños-Rivero, Margarita

doi:10.1007/s10096-006-0119-x

Cited by 73 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 23 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Las manifestaciones clínicas abarcan un amplio espectro. La bacteriemia se relaciona en la mayoría de los casos con adquisición por vía respiratoria alta, cutánea (heridas y drogas por vía parenteral) y gastrointestinal (incluyendo un brote de casos por S. zooepidemicus en relación al consumo de leche no pasteurizada) 2,9 . En la práctica diaria la identificación bacteriana se realiza por métodos convencionales basados en las características fenotípicas y en donde resulta fundamental la experiencia del microbiólogo.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Endocarditis por Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus

Villamil¹,

Serrano²,

Prieto³

2015

Rev. chil. infectol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Streptococcus equi subsp. Zooepidemicus endocarditisZoonotic infections with S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus have been reported occasionally in individuals with exposure to farm animals, especially horses. They exceptionally present as a human pathogen. We present a S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus well documented endocarditis after a horse´s female genital tract contact, and excellent surveillance with exclusive antibiotic management.Key words: Streptococcus equi, bacteremia, endocarditis.Palabras clave: Streptococcus equi, bacteremia, endocarditis. IntroducciónE xisten varias especies de Streptococcus de origen animal que expresan también los antígenos del grupo C y G y se asocian en ocasiones con infección en humanos. Entre los del grupo C, las especies Streptococcus equi subsp. equi y Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus se aíslan fundamentalmente en caballos, en los que causa principalmente linfadenitis supurativa e infecciones respiratorias 1 . Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus comparte homología de más de 98 % de la secuencia de ADN con S. equi subsp. equi y más de 80% con S. pyogenes 2 . Streptococcus equi es una bacteria β hemolítica perteneciente al grupo C de la clasificación de Lancefield, típicamente patógena de animales como caballos, ovejas y cerdos. Es una causa excepcional de enfermedad en humanos, siendo los mecanismos de transmisión más comunes el contacto directo con animales y el consumo de productos lácteos no pasteurizados.En la literatura científica existen algunas comunicaciones de bacteriemia y endocarditis por S. equi subsp. equi 3,4 , pero hay escasa información sobre S. equi subsp. zooepidermicus y según nuestra información, ninguna endocarditis por este patógeno. En Latinoamérica hay pocos casos de bacteriemia publicados por este microorganismo [5][6] . Caso clínicoVarón de 73 años que consultó por fiebre. Tenía antecedentes de hipertensión arterial y dislipidemia. Unos 10 años antes del ingreso, se Hospital da Costa, Burela, Lugo, España. Servicio de Medicina Interna (IV). Servicio de Microbiología (MS, EP).No existe fuente de financiación.Los autores declaran que no existe conflicto de intereses. iago.villamil.cajoto@sergas.es había realizado un reemplazo valvular por estenosis aórtica con prótesis metálica y hacía un año una dilatación aneurismática de aorta ascendente con tubo valvulado. Además presentaba una diverticulosis colónica (con una colonoscopia reciente sin alteraciones). No tenía antecedentes recientes de procedimientos dentales, urológicos, digestivos, ni de otro tipo. El paciente se dedicaba a la ganadería, criaba vacas y caballos no estabulados. Interrogado dirigidamente describió que dos semanas previas al cuadro actual había atendido el parto de una yegua que había dado a luz a un feto muerto. De forma brusca, 24 h antes de acudir a Urgencias, presentó fiebre elevada (hasta 39ºC) con calofríos, asociados a mal estado general. No refería tos, odinofagia, disuria, ni síntomas gastrointestinales. En la exploración física tenía fiebre de 38ºC, con el resto de los s...

show abstract

Section: Discussionunclassified

Endocarditis por Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus

Villamil¹,

Serrano²,

Prieto³

2015

Rev. chil. infectol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In recent years, several outbreaks of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections have been reported in different countries (11,14,15).The main and conventional prevention and control measure for bacterial infections, including S. suis and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections, is treatment with antibiotics.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, several outbreaks of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections have been reported in different countries (11,14,15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prophage Lysin Ply30 Protects Mice from Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Infections

Tang

Wang

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus are capable of infecting humans and various animals, causing significant problems for the worldwide swine industry. As antibiotic resistance has increased, lysosomal enzymes encoded by phages have shown potential for use against pathogenic bacteria. In this study, a novel bacteriophage lysin, Ply30, encoded by the S. suis prophage phi30c, was recombinantly expressed and purified. Ply30 showed high bacteriolysis activity on S. suis and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus in vitro. The ratio of the optical density at 600 nm (OD 600 ) with treatment versus the OD 600 with no treatment for most tested S. suis and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains decreased from 1 to <0.3 and <0.5, respectively, within 1 h. The results of plate viability assays showed that treated bacteria suffered a 1-to 2-log decrease in CFU within 1 h. The optimal concentration of Ply30 was 50 g/ml, and the optimal pH was 7. Moreover, Ply30 maintained high activity over a wide pH range (pH 6 to 10). The MICs of Ply30 against Streptococcus strains ranged from 16 to 512 g/ml. In vivo, a 2-mg dose of Ply30 protected 90% (9/10 mice) of mice from infection with S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus and 80% (8/10 mice) of mice from infection with S. suis. Seven days after lysin Ply30 treatment, bacterial loads were significantly decreased in all tested organs and blood compared with those at 1 h postinfection without Ply30 treatment. Ply30 showed in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial efficiency and protected mice against two kinds of bacterial infections, indicating that Ply30 may be an effective therapeutic against streptococci. Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus are emerging zoonotic, pathogenic, Gram-positive bacteria capable of infecting humans and various animals, such as horses, pigs, ruminants, guinea pigs, monkeys, cats, and dogs (1-3). S. suis can cause septicemia, arthritis, and meningitis in pigs (4). Liu et al. identified 33 serotypes (serotypes 1 to 31, 33, and 1/2) of S. suis according to the variation of capsular antigens (5, 6). Two outbreaks of S. suis have occurred in China. One was in Sichuan Province in July 2005, with 215 humans infected. The other was in Jiangsu Province, in 1998, and 25 humans were involved, 14 of whom died (7-9). By the end of 2012, 1,584 cases had been reported in the literature, most of which were associated with pigs and human infections (10). Besides S. suis, S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus is another important pathogen that can cause upper respiratory tract disease in pigs and rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis in humans (11, 12). S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus shares Ͼ80% DNA sequence similarity and important virulence factors with Streptococcus pyogenes (13). The sequelae of S. pyogenes infections and the symptoms caused by S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus are also similar (12). In recent years, several outbreaks of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections have been reported in different countries (11,14,15).The main and conventional prev...

show abstract

“…zooepidemicus is a commensal of horses' upper airways and can also cause wound, respiratory, and uterine infections in those animals (10). Rare cases of human transmission, leading to pneumonia (11), bacteremia (11,12,13), septic arthritis (11,13), meningitis (12), toxic shock-like syndrome (13), spondylodiskitis (14), infection of vascular grafts or aneurysm (15), and endocarditis (11,16), have been reported. Cases previously described resulted from inhalation, inoculation (12), or ingestion of inadequately pasteurized products, which led to outbreaks (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Illustration of the Difficulty of Identifying Streptococcus equi Strains at the Subspecies Level through a Case of Endocarditis in an Immunocompetent Man

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

dWe report a case of endocarditis caused by Streptococcus equi in an immunocompetent patient who was subsequently cured after appropriate antibiotherapy and cardiac surgery. However, it was challenging to identify the strain to the subspecies level, which highlights the necessity of developing reliable molecular tools to discriminate between the subspecies. CASE REPORT In January 2012, a 63-year-old man presented to the emergency room with a 2-week history of low-grade fever but without other symptoms and reported self-treatment with paracetamol. Past medical history included pituitary adenoma, which was treated by surgery in 1989, and a mechanical aortic valve replacement in December 2008 as treatment for severe aortic insufficiency.At admission, he had no fever (37.2°C), was under treatment with paracetamol, and had a pulse rate of 71/min. His blood pressure was 128/91 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation was 97% on air. An erythematous skin rash on his forehead extending to his right infraorbital area, which appeared a few hours before admission, was noted. No other skin lesions were apparent by physical examination. Cardiac auscultation was normal, and no signs of cardiac failure were found. Electrocardiogram revealed a second-degree atrioventricular block, while neurological, abdominal, and respiratory examinations were normal. The thoracic computed tomography scan was normal, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographies (TTE and TEE) did not show any vegetation or signs of endocarditis, and the mean transaortic valve gradient was close to 35 mm Hg without pathological regurgitation.Initial laboratory investigations revealed a leukocyte count of 10,100/mm 3 (75% neutrophils) (8,000 to 10,000/mm 3 ), the C-reactive protein concentration was 30 mg/liter (normal, Ͻ4 mg/liter), and his serum electrolyte assay results, troponin level, and international normalized ratio (INR) were normal. On the third day, pyrexia and confusion were observed. Blood cultures were performed daily, and cultures were incubated in a BacT/Alert automated system (Organon Teknika, bioMéri-eux). Aerobic and anaerobic bottles (eight out of nine sets) obtained during the febrile period were positive within 24 h, and Gram-positive coccus chain formation suggestive of Streptococcus was seen upon Gram staining.A subculture of the bacterium was obtained within 24 h of incubation on horse blood agar and on chocolate agar (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). The colonies were 0.5 to 1 mm in diameter, round, mucoid, glistening, nonpigmented, catalase negative, and beta-hemolytic. Gram staining demonstrated thin, short to medium-length, Gram-positive, non-spore-forming cocci suggestive of Streptococcus. The strain was identified as Lancefield group C, and rapid ID 32 Strep and API 20 Strep (bioMérieux) results were Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (probability, 99.7%). However, the following phenotypical characteristics led to an identification as Streptococcus equi subsp. ruminatorum: the CAMP reaction was positive, and the strain hydrolyz...

show abstract

Outbreak of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections on the island of Gran Canaria associated with the consumption of inadequately pasteurized cheese

Cited by 73 publications

References 23 publications

Endocarditis por Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus

Endocarditis por Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus

Prophage Lysin Ply30 Protects Mice from Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Infections

Illustration of the Difficulty of Identifying Streptococcus equi Strains at the Subspecies Level through a Case of Endocarditis in an Immunocompetent Man

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About