Outbreak of Varicella at a Day-Care Center despite Vaccination

Galil, Karin; Lee, Brent; Strine, Tara W.; Carraher, Claire; Baughman, Andrew L.; Eaton, Melinda; Montero, Jose; Seward, Jane F.

doi:10.1056/nejmoa021662

Cited by 217 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…As discussed before, this is a typical pattern of most childhood diseases (Galil et al, 2002), and hepatitis A as well (Chitambar et al, 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 53%

“…The aim of the considered social distancing measures is to interrupt the chains of cases observed in day care centers and kindergartens, which are typical of many childhood diseases (Galil et al, 2002), and viral hepatitis A as well (Chitambar et al, 1996). This is possible thanks to the explicit representation of the individuals and of the places where person-to-person transmission can occur.…”

Section: Social Distancingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An individual-based model of hepatitis A transmission

Ajelli

Merler

2009

Journal of Theoretical Biology

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Viral hepatitis A, as other endemic diseases, represents a public health priority worldwide. To study long-time scale human pathogens through individual-based simulations requires the development of a dynamic network of contacts. In this work, we introduce an individual-based model accounting for the birth and death of the individuals, the generation of new households, and the educational career of the individuals, in order to investigate viral hepatitis A dynamics in the most affected Italian areas. Intervention options such as targeted vaccination, social distancing measures (e.g. closure of day care centers and kindergartens) and improvements in standards of living and hygiene are evaluated. Results show that a very low vaccination coverage is sufficient to control hepatitis A in Italy, while its elimination is not possible since new cases are continuously imported from high endemicity areas outside the country. Finally, the considered social distancing measures can be counterproductive since the fraction of recovered individuals does not decline while the age at infection increases, thus augmenting the probability of developing acute symptoms. Preprint submitted to Elsevier 31 March 2009A c c e p t e d m a n u s c r i p t

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“…As discussed before, this is a typical pattern of most childhood diseases (Galil et al, 2002), and hepatitis A as well (Chitambar et al, 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Social Distancingmentioning

confidence: 99%

An individual-based model of hepatitis A transmission

Ajelli

Merler

2009

Journal of Theoretical Biology

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“…65 During 1990 -1994, before implementation of the varicella vaccination program, an estimated 4 million cases, 11 000 hospitalizations, and 100 deaths were attributed to varicella disease each year in the United States. 66 After recommendation of the vaccine for children 12 to 18 months old in 1996, vaccine-coverage rates increased from 26% in 1997 to 87% in 2004. 67 Although national surveillance for varicella cases remains incomplete, active surveillance in limited geographic areas and national mortality data revealed marked decreases in varicella incidence, varicella-related hospitalizations, and deaths in all age groups.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

New, and Some Not-so-New, Vaccines for Adolescents and Diseases They Prevent

et al. 2008

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Adolescents in the United States now have the opportunity to receive new vaccines that prevent invasive meningococcal infections, pertussis (whooping cough), and cervical cancer. Except for their potential to cause serious illness, these infections could not be more different. Their incidence ranges from extremely low to quite high. Early clinical manifestations of infection range from none to life-threatening illness. Two of the vaccines are similar to those already in use, whereas 1 is completely new. In conjunction with the 4 vaccines previously recommended for adolescents (the tetanus and diphtheria booster, hepatitis B, measles-mumps-rubella, and varicella), the 3 new vaccines (meningococcal, human papillomavirus, and the tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis booster [which replaced the tetanus-diphtheria booster]) bring the number recommended for adolescents to 6. In this article, we describe key characteristics of the 3 new vaccines and infections they were designed to prevent. We also briefly discuss other vaccines recommended for all adolescents who have not already received them and new vaccines that are still under development. B EFORE 2005, THE only vaccine routinely recommended for healthy adolescents who had received all recommended childhood vaccinations was the tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Td) booster. 1 Three other vaccines (measles-mumps-rubella [MMR], hepatitis B, and varicella) were used as "catch-up vaccinations" for adolescents who did not receive these vaccines as children (and, in the case of varicella, had not had chickenpox). The second dose of MMR vaccine was first recommended for adolescents by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 1989, 2 whereas hepatitis B and varicella vaccines were first recommended for this age group in 1995 and 1996, respectively. 3,4 These recommendations were consolidated in 1996, when the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), AAP, American Academy of Family Physicians, and American Medical Association harmonized their recommendations. These organizations suggested that the recommended immunizations and other preventive services be delivered at a routine preventive visit at 11 to 12 years of age. 1 Three new vaccines intended primarily for adolescents are now available. The first of these, a new vaccine effective for the prevention of disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis, was licensed in the United States in 2005 and officially recommended for use when the ACIP recommendations were published in May of that year. 5,6 Two vaccines for adolescents, both of which prevent infections with Bordetella pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria, were licensed in May and June of 2005, respectively, and recommendations were published in early 2006. 7 A vaccine that prevents human papillomavirus (HPV), the cause of cervical cancer, was licensed in May 2006, and recommendations for its use were published in March 2007. 8 All the diseases against which these new vaccines offer protection are potentially serious, but the clinical course for each could...

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“…Therefore, this time point is inherently of interest because if important differences were found, clinically relevant recommendations could be made. Furthermore, recent reports of outbreaks of varicella in which young age at the time of vaccination was assessed as a potential risk factor for vaccine failure have not used a consistent cutpoint for younger age at vaccination (range <14 to <18 months [9][10][11][12]); our choice is consistent with and in the middle of the range of ages used by others.…”

Section: Effect Of Age At the Time Of Vaccination On The Vaccine's Efmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological issues in design and analysis of a matched case–control study of a vaccine's effectiveness

Niccolai

Ogden²,

Muehlenbein

et al. 2007

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology

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Objective-Case-control studies of the effectiveness of a vaccine are useful to answer important questions, such as the effectiveness of a vaccine over time, that usually are not addressed by prelicensure clinical trials of the vaccine's efficacy. This report describes methodological issues related to design and analysis that were used to determine the effects of time since vaccination and age at the time of vaccination. Study Design and Setting-A matched case-control study of the effectiveness of varicella vaccine.Results-Sampling procedures and conditional logistic regression models including interaction terms are described.Conclusion-Use of these methods will allow investigators to assess the effects of a wide range of variables, such as time since vaccination and age at the time of vaccination, on the effectiveness of a vaccine. Keywordscase-control study; vaccines; statistical methods; sampling What is new?• Matched case-control studies are a statistically powerful method of assessing a vaccine's effectiveness as it is used in the field, particularly to address questions about effects of time since vaccination and of age at the time of vaccination.• We describe the sampling plan (risk set sampling) and the statistical methods (conditional logistic regression models with interaction terms) that can be used by investigators to answer multiple questions about a vaccine's effectiveness.

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Outbreak of Varicella at a Day-Care Center despite Vaccination

Cited by 217 publications

References 21 publications

An individual-based model of hepatitis A transmission

An individual-based model of hepatitis A transmission

New, and Some Not-so-New, Vaccines for Adolescents and Diseases They Prevent

Methodological issues in design and analysis of a matched case–control study of a vaccine's effectiveness

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