Outbreaks of hepatitis A among illicit drug users, Oklahoma, 1984-87.

Harkess, John R.; Gildon, B; Istre, G R

doi:10.2105/ajph.79.4.463

Cited by 66 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Outbreaks of HAV infection among injection drug users (IDUs) have been reported in North America and Scandinavia (97,101,143). Several routes of transmission are likely to occur, and these include a combination of personto-person and percutaneous spread.…”

Section: Modes Of Transmission and Sources Of Hav Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Hepatitis A Virus Infection: a Molecular Approach

et al. 2006

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SUMMARY Current serologic tests provide the foundation for diagnosis of hepatitis A and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Recent advances in methods to identify and characterize nucleic acid markers of viral infections have provided the foundation for the field of molecular epidemiology and increased our knowledge of the molecular biology and epidemiology of HAV. Although HAV is primarily shed in feces, there is a strong viremic phase during infection which has allowed easy access to virus isolates and the use of molecular markers to determine their genetic relatedness. Molecular epidemiologic studies have provided new information on the types and extent of HAV infection and transmission in the United States. In addition, these new diagnostic methods have provided tools for the rapid detection of food-borne HAV transmission and identification of the potential source of the food contamination.

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Section: Modes Of Transmission and Sources Of Hav Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Hepatitis A Virus Infection: a Molecular Approach

et al. 2006

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“…Harkess et al (1989) reported on six unrelated outbreaks of hepatitis A among users of marijuana and intravenously administered methamphetamine. Although the exact mode of transmission could not be determined, it was suggested that practices associated with illicit drug use facilitated transmission of hepatitis A.…”

Section: Marijuanamentioning

confidence: 99%

Drugs of Abuse, Immune Modulation, and AIDS

Cabral

2006

Jrnl Neuroimmune Pharm

112

100

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Illicit drugs such as amphetamines, cocaine, marijuana, and opiates alter immune function and decrease host resistance to microbes in vitro and in experimental animal models. Effects on the immune system may be mediated indirectly as a result of drug interactions in the central nervous system (CNS) or directly through activation of cognate receptors on various immune cell types. For marijuana and opioids, seven-transmembranal G protein-coupled receptors have been identified in the CNS and in the immune system that may play a functionally relevant role in immune modulation. There is accumulating evidence that sigma(1) receptors play a comparable role in cocaine-mediated alteration of immune responses. A mode by which these exogenously introduced substances affects immunity and host resistance may be by perturbing the balance of Th(1) proinflammatory versus Th(2) anti-inflammatory cytokines and lipid bioeffectors. However, while illicit drugs have been documented to alter immune functions in vitro and in animal models, there is a paucity of controlled longitudinal epidemiological studies that definitively correlate immunosuppressive effects with increased incidence of infections or immune disorders in humans, including infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or disease progression to AIDS.

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“…Early sexual behavior and frequent unprotected sex among heterosexual and homosexual users of methamphetamine result in higher rates of Hepatitis and HIV infection rates (Davis, Kalousek, & Rubenstein, 1970; Gorman, 2003; Greenwell & Brecht, 2003; Harkess, Gildon, & Istre, 1989; Hutin et al, 2000; Koester, Glanz, & Barón, 2005; Meyer, 2003; Molitor, Truax, Ruiz, & Sun, 1998; Urbina & Jones, 2004; Vogt et al, 2006). Methamphetamine use interferes with the efficacy of HIV medications and treatment (Anonymous, 2004; Boddiger, 2005; Jernigan et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral and social correlates of methamphetamine use in a population-based sample of early and later adolescents

Embry¹,

Hankins

Biglan

et al. 2009

Addictive Behaviors

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This paper reports relationships between methamphetamine use and behaviors and social influences using data from a population-based survey of 8th- and 11th-grade students in Oregon for the 2001–2003 school years. We analyze methamphetamine use within a general problem behavior framework to identify malleable correlates of behavior for future prevention interventions. We specifically test two models of methamphetamine use employing logistic regression analysis: one comprised of behaviors and traits of the individual students and another focusing on peer and parental influences. This study finds adolescent methamphetamine use related to several problem behaviors. However, the specific problems vary by grade and are moderated by gender. Findings indicate the need for tailored interventions targeting gender/grade-specific behaviors or problems such as antisocial activities, risky sex, and depression, as well as social influences such as peers engaging in antisocial behaviors or using drugs and parents favoring drug use or poorly monitoring or setting limits for their children.

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Outbreaks of hepatitis A among illicit drug users, Oklahoma, 1984-87.

Cited by 66 publications

References 15 publications

Diagnosis of Hepatitis A Virus Infection: a Molecular Approach

Diagnosis of Hepatitis A Virus Infection: a Molecular Approach

Drugs of Abuse, Immune Modulation, and AIDS

Behavioral and social correlates of methamphetamine use in a population-based sample of early and later adolescents

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