Outbreaks of hepatitis A among children in western India

Chadha, Mandeep S.; Lole, Kavita S.; Bora, Mitul; Arankalle, Vidya A.

doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.11.014

Cited by 30 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The IIIA subtype of HAV is commonly distributed in some countries of South‐East Asia and Central Asia, such as India [Arankalle et al, 2006; Chitambar et al, 2007; Chadha et al, 2009]. Most publications concerning HAV IIIA indicate a water‐borne means of transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased circulation of hepatitis A virus genotype IIIA over the last decade in St Petersburg, Russia

Мукомолов

Kontio

Железнова

et al. 2012

Journal of Medical Virology

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The current study, covering the period 2004-2009, is a part of long-term monitoring for hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains circulating in St Petersburg, Russia. The HAV RNA was isolated directly from the sera of hepatitis A patients and RT-PCR was carried out using primer pairs for VP1/2A and VP1 genomic regions. PCR products were sequenced and 324 nucleotides from VP1/2A and 332 from the VP1 region were used for phylogenetic analysis. The results show that the IA subtype was the most common circulating subtype during the follow-up period, as found in the previous study: almost 90% of the isolated HAV strains belonged to the IA subtype. The large hepatitis A food-borne outbreak in St Petersburg in 2005 was caused by HAV IA. However, the proportion of HAV isolates belonging to subtype IIIA significantly increased in the period 2001-2009 (7.9%) compared to the period 1997-2000 (none found). The subtype IIIA was first found in St Petersburg in 2001 among a group of intravenous drug users. The increase in its circulation during the decade suggests that this previously unusual genotype has been permanently introduced into the general population of St Petersburg. These results indicate the usefulness of molecular epidemiological methods for studying changes in the circulation of HAV strains.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased circulation of hepatitis A virus genotype IIIA over the last decade in St Petersburg, Russia

Мукомолов

Kontio

Железнова

et al. 2012

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…Several large outbreaks of hepatitis A in various parts of the country have been recorded in the past decade. [78910] Most hepatitis A outbreaks were due to fecal-oral route of transmission because of contamination of water with sewage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating a community-wide outbreak of hepatitis A in India

Rakesh¹,

Sherin²,

Sankar³

et al. 2014

J Global Infect Dis

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Background:There was an outbreak of acute hepatitis in Mylapore village, Kollam district, Kerala, southern India during February to June 2013. An outbreak investigation was initiated with the objective of describing the epidemiological features of the hepatitis outbreak.Materials and Methods:House-to-house visits were undertaken to identify symptomatic cases. The outbreak was described in terms of person, place and time. Hypothesis was generated based on findings from descriptive study, laboratory investigation of water samples, and environmental observations. A case-control study was designed to test the hypothesis. Chi-square test, univariate analysis, and logistic regression to identify the risk factors associated with hepatitis A infection were done.Results:Line list generated consisted of 45 cases. Attack rate was the highest among the age group 15-24 years (4.6%) followed by 5-14 years (3.1%). The geographical distribution of the cases suggested a clustering around the water supply through the pipeline and epidemic curve showed a sharp rise in cases suggestive of a common source outbreak. Water samples collected form pipeline showed evidence of fecal contamination and absence of residual chlorine. In the case-control study, having consumed water from the pipeline (odds ratio: 9.01 [95% confidence interval: 2.16-37.61]) was associated with the hepatitis A cases.Conclusion:The time frame of disease occurrence, environmental observations, anecdotal evidences, laboratory results and results of the analytical study indicated the possibility of occurrence of hepatitis A outbreak as a result of pipe water contamination supplied from a bore well. The study warrants establishment of an efficient water quality surveillance system.

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“…The predominantly circulating genotype in India is genotype III A. 6,[19][20][21] Personal and environmental sanitation was poor. Most i.e., 90% of the cases did not have the habit of consuming boiled water before the outbreak.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Hepatitis A outbreak in Palakkad district

Zachariah

Sreedevi

et al. 2017

Int J Community Med Public Health

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Background: A study was carried out to investigate an outbreak of viral hepatitis reported by district health authorities from a self-administrative unit, Koppam of Palakkad district in Kerala in the month of November 2016. Methods: An epidemiological investigation was carried out to investigate the outbreak, describe epidemiological features and recommend measures for control. An epidemiological case sheet was prepared, case definition formulated and blood samples were collected to confirm the diagnosis of hepatitis. Environmental samples were collected from wells, soil and tested for hepatitis A virus. Results: 15 blood samples taken from cases of jaundice tested positive for hepatitis A, IgM antibody by ELISA test. More than three fourths 39 (79.6%) of the cases gave a history of having attended the same wedding function prior to the occurrence of symptoms. Attack rate (6.14%) was highest among 15-25 year age group. The water analysis from 3 of the wells in the area showed presence of coliform bacteria. Hepatitis A virus IIIA genotype was isolated from the soil sample of the house of the index case. Consumption of welcome drink was found to be associated significantly with cases than controls (OR 2.77; 95% CI: 1.02-7.52, p<0.05). Conclusions: The hepatitis A (type IIIA) outbreak in Koppam was associated with poor sanitation practices among the people. During a socio-cultural-demographic event like marriage this led to an explosive outbreak. Involving community organizations to generate awareness regarding food sanitation, supported by a system of registration of such events, certification of food handlers can help to prevent future outbreaks.

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Outbreaks of hepatitis A among children in western India

Cited by 30 publications

References 13 publications

Increased circulation of hepatitis A virus genotype IIIA over the last decade in St Petersburg, Russia

Increased circulation of hepatitis A virus genotype IIIA over the last decade in St Petersburg, Russia

Investigating a community-wide outbreak of hepatitis A in India

Investigation of Hepatitis A outbreak in Palakkad district

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