Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992–2003

Smith, Andrew F.; Reacher, Mark; Smerdon, W; Adak, Goutam; Nichols, Gordon; Chalmers, Rachel M.

doi:10.1017/s0950268806006406

Cited by 185 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In the United Kingdom Giardia spp. are present in livestock (Hutchison et al, 2004), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris; Batchelor et al, 2008), and water supplies (Smith et al, 2006). In the fourth step criteria for release or exclusion of animals for reintroduction should be considered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ESTABLISHMENT OF A HEALTH SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM FOR REINTRODUCTION OF THE EURASIAN BEAVER (CASTOR FIBER) INTO SCOTLAND

Goodman¹,

Girling

Pizzi

et al. 2012

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:In 2009 and 2010 16 Norwegian Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) were reintroduced to Knapdale, Scotland as part of a 5-yr reintroduction trial (Scottish Beaver Trial). Despite numerous reintroduction programs throughout Europe there is no published information concerning recommended health surveillance during beaver reintroduction and only one publication describing causes of mortality. We describe the establishment of a health surveillance program based on International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and governmental guidelines, and report preliminary results based on the fecal and blood samples following the completion of the first stage of reintroduction. Animals underwent at least one general anesthetic to allow collection of fecal and blood samples and a thorough clinical examination. No bacterial enteric pathogens such as Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., or Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were isolated, nor were Giardia spp. or Cryptosporidium spp. However, numerous helminths including Travassosius rufus and Stichorchis subtriquetrus were detected. Five animals were positive for Leptospira antibodies. This included Leptospira saxkoebing, Leptospira canicola, Leptospira copenhageni, Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, Leptospira autumnalis, and Leptospira javanica. The highest loss of animals (20%) was during the statutory 6-mo rabies quarantine period. No common cause of death was determined. The rabies quarantine conditions were waived for four remaining animals, three of which were introduced to the wild successfully. The authors recommend the shortest possible quarantine period when introducing beavers, but allowing for the minimum recommended IUCN 35 days to allow for implementation of the initial stage of the health surveillance program, examination of animals, sample collection, and processing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ESTABLISHMENT OF A HEALTH SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM FOR REINTRODUCTION OF THE EURASIAN BEAVER (CASTOR FIBER) INTO SCOTLAND

Goodman¹,

Girling

Pizzi

et al. 2012

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…Fue posible demostrar que el agua potable estaba contaminada por residuos sanitarios. La conexión entre la contaminación del agua y el brote de la enfermedad dió lugar no sólo al establecimiento de áreas protegidas (fuentes y sistemas de abastecimiento de agua potable), sino también a la descontaminación y tratamiento de las aguas, para eliminar la mayor cantidad de bacterias posibles [52].…”

Section: Enfermedades Transmitidas Por El Aguaunclassified

Patógenos e indicadores microbiológicos de calidad del agua para consumo humano

Ríos-Tobón

Agudelo-Cadavid

Gutiérrez-Builes

2017

Rev. Fac. Nac. Salud Pública

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ResumenLas mejoras en el suministro de agua son oportunidades para solucionar problemas de Salud Pública. De ahí la importancia de establecer modelos de evaluación y gestión integral que garanticen su calidad. Actualmente hay múltiples metodologías para detectar la contaminación microbiana del agua. Sin embargo, los elevados costos que representan, los tiempos de análisis y aislamiento en cultivo de microorganismos, han sido obstáculo para establecer la calidad microbiana del agua para consumo humano. El uso de microorganismos bioindicadores de calidad del agua disminuye los costos y facilita la implementación de medidas eficientes de tratamiento, control del agua y de enfermedades asociadas a su transmisión. El objetivo de la revisión fue describir los principales indicadores microbiológicos empleados para la evaluación del agua potable, como elementos clave para proponer un nuevo esquema de monitoreo en Colombia. Los resultados permiten considerar como bioindicadores, además de las bacterias y protozoos establecidos en la norma, algunos agentes microbianos como virus u otras bacterias y parásitos. Por otro lado indican la necesidad de establecer valores de referencia y definir los microorganismos a emplear con base en evaluaciones específicas de la situación microbiana del agua en monitoreos de validación, operación y verificación. Esta revisión aporta información importante para la actualización de la norma colombiana con base en el conocimiento de estándares internacionales, nacionales y locales.----------Palabras clave: calidad del agua, agua potable, contaminación del agua, enfermedades relacionadas con el agua, indicadores de contaminación Revisión de tema

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“…; most of these can be attributed to deficiencies in the filtration process (THOMPSON, 2004;KARANIS et al, 2007;BALDURSSON;KARANIS, 2011;EFSTRATIOU et al, 2017). Cattle has already been considered as a source of water contamination; however, there is little evidence that these animals are the main source of waterborne outbreaks, and that contamination with sanitary effluent from domestic sources is the most likely source (THOMPSON, 2004;SMITH et al, 2006;THOMPSON, 2008). Livestock and rainfall in poorly filtered catchment areas favor the occurrence of outbreaks, especially in areas where environmental concentrations of these protozoans are higher (RISEBRO et al, 2007;PLUTZER et al, 2010a).…”

Section: Cryptosporidium and Giardia: Waterborne Organisms And Their mentioning

confidence: 99%

Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces

Toledo

Martins

Freire

2017

SCA

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Water is an important vehicle for pathogens such as Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. In fact, these organisms are responsible for almost 58% and 38% of the waterborne outbreaks reported in ~60 years. Characteristics related to the environmental phase of these protozoa and the different types of hosts are important factors related to environmental contamination. In cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, outbreaks caused by waterborne pathogens are identified as major risk factors for contamination of water resources by untreated sewage and the entrainment of cattle feces in rainwater. Further, this review covers taxonomic, biologic, and epidemiologic aspects such as prevalence, risk factors, and molecular characterization of these protozoa observed in humans and cattle in order to elucidate the role of these hosts in environmental pollution, and consequently, as a source of infection for susceptible humans, especially in rural areas. Alternative water resources such as wells and springs are used without water treatment and potability monitoring. Epidemiological data are useful, but insufficient to characterize the source of infection, thereby requiring the use of appropriate molecular methods for subtyping the protozoa detected in environmental and feces samples as well as for assessing public health risk. Key words: Sanitation. Giardia duodenalis. Cryptosporidium parvum. Zoonosis. Rural areas. Molecular characterization. ResumoA água é um importante veículo de transmissão de patógenos, entre eles Cryptosporidium spp e Giardia duodenalis, respectivamente responsáveis por 58% e 38% dos surtos de veiculação hídrica registrados em cerca de 60 anos. Características relacionadas às fases ambientais destes protozoários e a grande quantidade de hospedeiros são importantes fatores relacionados à contaminação ambiental. Em surtos de criptosporidiose e giardíase por veiculação hídrica são apontados como principais fatores de risco a contaminação dos mananciais, utilizados para a dessedentação humana, por esgoto não tratado e o desague de fezes de animais devido ao carreamento por água da chuva. Além destes fatores, esta revisão aborda aspectos taxonômicos, biológicos e epidemiológicos, como prevalência, fatores de risco e caracterização molecular destes protozoários em humanos e bovinos como forma de elucidar a importância destes hospedeiros na contaminação ambiental e, consequentemente, como fonte de infecção para humanos suscetíveis, especialmente em áreas rurais. Nestas áreas são frequentemente utilizadas fontes alternativas de abastecimento de água, como poços e nascentes, sem tratamento e monitoramento de potabilidade. Dados epidemiológicos auxiliam, porém não são suficientes para caracterizar fontes de infecção, sendo necessário o uso de adequadas ferramentas de caracterização molecular para subtipagem de protozoários identificados em fezes e amostras ambientais e avaliação do risco de saúde pública.

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Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992–2003

Cited by 185 publications

References 17 publications

ESTABLISHMENT OF A HEALTH SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM FOR REINTRODUCTION OF THE EURASIAN BEAVER (CASTOR FIBER) INTO SCOTLAND

ESTABLISHMENT OF A HEALTH SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM FOR REINTRODUCTION OF THE EURASIAN BEAVER (CASTOR FIBER) INTO SCOTLAND

Patógenos e indicadores microbiológicos de calidad del agua para consumo humano

Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces

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