Background: Recent data indicate that cobalamin and folate status, including the metabolic markers methylmalonic acid (MMA) and total homocysteine (tHcy), undergo marked changes during childhood, particularly during the first year. Methods: Serum cobalamin, serum and whole-blood folate, and plasma MMA and tHcy were determined in a cross-sectional study of 700 children, ages 4 days to 19 years. Results: During the first 6 months, serum cobalamin was lower than and plasma MMA, tHcy, and serum folate were higher than the concentrations detected in the other age groups. In infants 6 weeks to 6 months of age, median MMA and tHcy concentrations were >0.78 and >75 mol/L, respectively. In older children (>6 months), serum cobalamin peaked at 3-7 years and then decreased, median plasma MMA remained low (<0.26 mol/L), median plasma tHcy was low (<6 mol/L) and increased from the age of 7 years on, and serum folate gradually decreased. Plasma MMA was inversely associated with cobalamin (r ؍ ؊0.4) in both age groups, but across the whole range of cobalamin concentrations, MMA was markedly higher in infants (<6 months) than in older children. Plasma tHcy showed a strong negative correlation to cobalamin (r ؍ ؊0.52) but not to serum folate in infants <6 months. In older children, tHcy showed the expected association with both cobalamin (r ؍ ؊0.48) and folate (r ؍ ؊0.51).