Outcomes and Predictors of Stimulant Misuse in College Students with and Without ADHD

Francis, Alyssa; Weyandt, Lisa L.; Anastopoulos, Arthur D.; DuPaul, George J.; Shepard, Emily

doi:10.1177/10870547211027650

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…( 2011 ), while Francis et al. ( 2022 ) have also found that symptoms of inattention significantly predicted prescription stimulant misuse in college students with and without a diagnosis of ADHD. This result partially supports the hypothesis that self‐perceived modafinil and methylphenidate users will score significantly higher on the ASRS compared with controls and is consistent with the findings reported by Arria et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived cognitive performance in off‐prescription users of modafinil and methylphenidate: an online survey

Teodorini,

Rycroft,

Smith‐Spark

2024

Brain and Behavior

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IntroductionModafinil and methylphenidate are used off‐prescription for cognitive enhancement in healthy individuals. Such use is often reported in online surveys but it is unclear whether drug use for cognitive enhancement is motivated by perceived poor cognitive performance or a desire to improve good cognitive performance. The current study investigated whether off‐prescription users of modafinil and methylphenidate differed in their self‐perceived cognitive performance from people who do not take these drugs.MethodAn online survey targeting forum sites assessed self‐perceived cognitive function via the Adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self‐Report Scale, the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, and the General Procrastination Scale.ResultsThere were 249 respondents, of whom 43% reported no use of modafinil and methylphenidate (the control group) and 58% reported use of one or both drugs without a prescription for cognitive enhancement. This created an independent samples design with three groups. On both the Adult Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder Self‐Report Scale and General Procrastination Scale, modafinil and methylphenidate users reported higher scores than the control group, indicating higher levels of perceived inattention and procrastination. Scores on the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire indicated that modafinil and methylphenidate users rated themselves as having fewer cognitive failures than controls.ConclusionThese findings suggest that at least some reported off‐prescription users of modafinil and methylphenidate may be seeking to reduce the impact of self‐perceived poorer performance, particularly in forms of cognition that are likely to impact on self‐directed or self‐motivated work.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived cognitive performance in off‐prescription users of modafinil and methylphenidate: an online survey

Teodorini,

Rycroft,

Smith‐Spark

2024

Brain and Behavior

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“…Prescription stimulants have a potential for psychological and physiological dependence and are classified by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) as Schedule II medications [6]. Despite the potential health and legal consequences, nonmedical prescription stimulant use (NPSU) remains an ongoing public health concern in the United States [5], [7], [8]. Young adults between the ages of 18 to 25 appear especially vulnerable to nonmedical prescription stimulant use, with prevalence estimates indicating that approximately 7-10% of individuals within this age bracket reported NPSU in 2021 [6].…”

Section: Nonmedical Prescription Stimulant Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Prescription Stimulant Use in Adults: A Systematic Review

Beatty,

Shepard,

Weyandt

2024

Preprint

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Nonmedical prescription stimulant use (NPSU) is an ongoing public health crisis in the United States. There exists, however, a dearth of research investigating specific childhood risk factors that may contribute to this illicit use. Adverse childhood experi-ences (ACEs) may be a significant risk factor to address in the prevention and treatment of NPSU, as research has provided evi-dence for increased substance use, potentially including prescription stimulant misuse, among individuals who have experienced trauma. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to gather and synthesize research articles specifically examining the relationship between nonmedical prescription stimulant use in adults and the experience of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Four studies met all inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The results demonstrated that nonmedical use of prescription stimulants in adults is significantly associated with ACEs, with a higher numerical count of ACEs associated with a greater likelihood of nonmedical prescription stimulant use. Gaps in the literature were identified, specifically noting a lack of information available regarding the relationship between ACEs and NPSU within gender- and racially-diverse populations. The findings have implications for informing interventions related to ACEs and the misuse of prescription stimulant medication in adults.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Prescription Stimulant Use in Adults: A Systematic Review

Beatty,

Shepard,

Bickford

et al. 2024

Pharmacy

Self Cite

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Nonmedical prescription stimulant use (NPSU) is an ongoing public health crisis in the United States. There exists, however, a dearth of research investigating specific childhood risk factors that may contribute to this illicit use. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may be a significant risk factor to address in the prevention and treatment of NPSU, as research has provided evidence for increased substance use, potentially including prescription stimulant misuse, among individuals who have experienced trauma. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to gather and synthesize research articles specifically examining the relationship between nonmedical prescription stimulant use in adults and the experience of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Four studies met all inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The results demonstrated that the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants in adults is significantly associated with ACEs, with a higher numerical count of ACEs associated with a greater likelihood of nonmedical prescription stimulant use. Gaps in the literature were identified, specifically noting a lack of information available regarding the relationship between ACEs and NPSU within gender- and racially diverse populations. The findings have implications for informing interventions related to ACEs and the misuse of prescription stimulant medication in adults.

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Outcomes and Predictors of Stimulant Misuse in College Students with and Without ADHD

Cited by 10 publications

References 73 publications

Perceived cognitive performance in off‐prescription users of modafinil and methylphenidate: an online survey

Perceived cognitive performance in off‐prescription users of modafinil and methylphenidate: an online survey

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Prescription Stimulant Use in Adults: A Systematic Review

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Prescription Stimulant Use in Adults: A Systematic Review

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