The purpose of this article is to review the current clinical management of in situ breast carcinomas, including how specific aspects of a pathology report are used in clinical decision-making, and to discuss the current role of sentinel node biopsy in management of invasive breast carcinomas and ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast.
Sentinel node biopsy: reducing the morbidity of axillary stagingThe pathological status of axillary lymph nodes remains one of the most important prognostic factors in patients with breast cancer. Identification of metastatic tumor deposits in the axillary nodes indicates a poorer prognosis and often prompts a recommendation for more aggressive systemic and local therapies. Surgical staging of the axilla is a routine component of breast cancer treatment for the majority of the 200 000 patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in the United States each year.Unfortunately, axillary dissection is often the main source of morbidity in patients with earlystage breast cancer. Immediate problems include acute pain, the need for hospital stay, reduced range of motion, and the need for a drain in the surgical bed for a week or more. Long-term problems resulting from axillary dissection include permanent lymphedema in up to 35% of patients, numbness in 35%, chronic pain in 10%, and reduced range of motion in 5-10%.2-13 An assessment of patients' subjective symptoms of arm problems shows even higher rates of persistent arm symptoms, with 25-50% of patients reporting arm swelling, pain, numbness, and/or decreased mobility.10,14-16 Studies of quality of life in patients treated for breast cancer have shown prolonged decreases in quality of life for those with lymphedema and other chronic arm symptoms resulting from axillary dissection. [7][8][9]17 At present, there are no effective therapies to reverse established lymphedema.2 As lymphedema after axillary dissection cannot be 'cured', or even reliably prevented, identification of alternatives to standard axillary dissection have been sought.The technique of sentinel node biopsy was developed with the aim of reducing the morbidity of surgical staging of the axilla. Identification of the first or 'sentinel' nodes draining the affected breast using radioactive particles 18 or blue dye 19 has allowed selective and minimally traumatic excision of only the most informative axillary nodes. Morbidity rates are substantially lower with sentinel node biopsy compared with axillary dissection.6,17-23 Acutely, sentinel node biopsy is an