“…Duluth was developed in the early 1980s, specifically for intimate partner violence (IPV) with a male offender and female victim. As part of the Duluth approach, offenders are taught to identify maladaptive behaviors and find non-violent alternatives, as well as to change attitudes regarding power and control in intimate relationships (Cannon, Hamel, Buttell, & Ferreira, 2016;Herman, Rotunda, Williamson, & Vodanovich, 2014). BIPs require an offender's participation over a period of weeks based on state standards, in which several designated topics are addressed by a BIP or Duluth-trained "facilitator," including nonviolence, non-threating behavior, respect, support and trust, accountability and honesty, sexual respect, partnership, and negotiation and fairness.…”