Outcomes in Cardiac Implantable Electronic device-related Infective Endocarditis: A Systematic Review of Current Literature

Abstract

Aim: Cardiac implantable electronic device infective endocarditis is a serious infection with poor prognosis. Materials & methods: The systematic review of the literature was conducted using searches from the various databases. We included studies published between January 2010 and June 2021. Results: A total of 35 articles met the inclusion criteria. Patients were approximately 70 years old and an average of 71.2% of patients were male. The most common presenting feature was a fever. The modified Duke criteria was used to aid diagnosis. Management entailed extraction of the cardiac implantable electronic device in 80.5% of the studies. The overall mortality rates ranged from 4 to 36%. The most frequently isolated organism was Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: Cardiac implantable electronic device infective endocarditis needs timely diagnosis and effective management for promising outcomes.

Practical Considerations for Cardiac Electronic Devices Reimplantation Following Transvenous Lead Extraction Due to Related Endocarditis

“…Infective endocarditis (IE) is one of the most threatening CIED-related infections associated with high mortality rates and requires prompt detection and management [10,11]. Diagnosis is mainly based on the classical IE diagnostic criteria [12] as the presence of systemic infection symptoms/signs, bacteremia (positive blood cultures), characteristic echocardiographic features (vegetations or peri-valvular abscess), usually associated with at least one of the following elements: signs of CIED pocket infection, lead vegetations, positive cultures of the extracted lead materials, or abnormal metabolic activity at the level of CIED components (device or leads) revealed by advanced imaging tools (PET or SPECT) [13].…”