Outcomes, Risk Factors, and Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Abstract

Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) is the virus causing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Apart from respiratory disease, this virus can affect different organs. Objectives: Therefore, multiple mechanisms have been hypothesized for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in COVID-19. In this study, we evaluate the incidence and prognosis of AKI in COVID-19 patients. Methods: This retrospective cohort study assessed 397 COVID-19 patients hospitalized between April 1, 2020, and September 30, 2021. Patients with a sudden rise of serum creatinine level, more than 0.3 mg/dl in two days or more than 50% of the initial level in one week, were diagnosed with AKI. Demographic, laboratory, and clinical features were compared in AKI patients with patients without AKI. Results: A total of 397 patients with a mean age ± standard deviation of 55.42 ± 15.26 years were included in the study. According to diagnostic criteria, 48 (12.1%) patients developed AKI. Old age, a history of hypertension, and chronic renal failure were suggested as risk factors for AKI. High levels of C-Reactive Protein, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Lactate Dehydrogenase, D-dimer, and serum phosphorus upon arrival were also associated with an increased risk of AKI. In addition, the incidence of hypernatremia and hyperkalemia increased mortality in patients with AKI. Conclusion: The incidence of AKI in admitted COVID-19 patients affects the duration of hospitalization, the chance of ICU admission, and mortality. It is important to limit the use of nephrotoxic drugs and to maintain water-electrolyte balance to prevent the incidence of AKI and improve the outcome.

Challenges and solutions in clinical research during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A narrative review

“…11 The COVID-19 pandemic also affected clinical research about infectious diseases as well as other medical fields, including cancer, chronic diseases, obstetrics, and gynecology. 12,13 The COVID-19 pandemic led to the discontinuation of several significant health studies. This was primarily due to a lack of effective preparation for such a crisis and inadequate guidance for clinical researchers on addressing research challenges by utilizing various strategies rather than halting research in clinical settings.…”

“… 11 The COVID‐19 pandemic also affected clinical research about infectious diseases as well as other medical fields, including cancer, chronic diseases, obstetrics, and gynecology. 12 , 13 …”