Outdoor Versus Indoor Contributions to Indoor Particulate Matter (PM) Determined by Mass Balance Methods

Kopperud, Royal J; Ferro, A.; Hildemann, Lynn M.

doi:10.1080/10473289.2004.10470983

Cited by 57 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Thus, other factors may cause the elevated PM2.5. Indoor PM2.5 directly linked to the human activities such as walking on carpet or dry dusting and vacuuming the room which could resuspend the particles Kopperud and Ferro 2004;Cao et al 2005). In this study, resuspension of dust from the carpet in classroom 1, when disturbed by students, may be a reason for its high PM2.5 levels.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Indoor air pollution levels in public buildings in Thailand and exposure assessment

Klinmalee

Srimongkol

Oanh

2008

Environ Monit Assess

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Levels of pollutants including PM2.5 and PM2.5 composition (black carbon and water soluble ions), SO(2), NO(2), CO, CO(2), and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) were monitored for indoor and outdoor air at a university campus and a shopping center, both located in the Northern suburb of Bangkok. Sampling was done during December 2005-February 2006 on both weekdays and weekends. At the university, indoor monitoring was done in two different air conditioned classrooms which shows the I/O ratios for all pollutants to be below 0.5-0.8 during the weekends. However, on weekdays the ratios for CO(2) and most detected BTEX were above 1.0. The concept of classroom occupancy was defined using a function of the student number in a lecture hour and the number of lecture hours per day. Classroom 2, which had a higher occupancy than classroom 1, was characterized by higher concentrations of most pollutants. PM2.5 was an exception and was higher in classroom 1 (37 microg/m(3), weekdays) as compared to classroom 2 (26 microg/m(3), weekdays) which was likely linked to the dust resuspension from the carpeted floor in the former. Monitoring was also done in the shopping mall at three different sites. Indoor pollutants levels and the I/O ratios at the shopping mall were higher than at the university. Levels of all pollutants measured at the car park, except for toluene and CO(2), were the highest. I/O ratios of the pollutants at the mall were above 1.0, which indicates the relatively higher influence of the indoor sources. However, the black carbon content in PM2.5 outdoor is higher than indoor, which suggest the important contribution from outdoor combustion sources such as the traffic. Major sources of outdoor air pollution in the areas were briefly discussed. Exposure modeling was applied using the time activity and measured pollutant concentrations to assess the exposure of different groups of people in the study areas. High exposure to PM2.5, especially for the people working in the mall, should be of health effect concern.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Indoor air pollution levels in public buildings in Thailand and exposure assessment

Klinmalee

Srimongkol

Oanh

2008

Environ Monit Assess

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“…Note that empirical (Liu and Nazaroff, 2003;Long et al, 2001) and modeling (Liu and Nazaroff, 2001) studies of PM 2.5 suggest P values less than unity, typically between 0.6 and 1.0. However, to the extent that P is less than unity, this fact is accounted for in the experimentally determined k values (Kopperud et al, 2004). Air-exchange rates, a, are based on Wilson et al (1996).…”

Section: Inhalation Intake Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhalation intake of ambient air pollution in California's South Coast Air Basin

Marshall

Granvold

Hoats

et al. 2006

Atmospheric Environment

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Reliable estimates of inhalation intake of air pollution and its distribution among a specified population are important for environmental epidemiology, health risk assessment, urban planning, and environmental policy. We computed distributional characteristics of the inhalation intake of five pollutants for a group of $25,000 people ($29,000 persondays) living in California's South Coast Air Basin. Our approach incorporates four main inputs: temporally resolved information about people's location (latitude and longitude), microenvironment, and activity level; temporally and spatially explicit model determinations of ambient concentrations; stochastically determined microenvironmental adjustment factors relating the exposure concentration to the ambient concentration; and, age-, gender-, and activityspecific breathing rates. Our study is restricted to pollutants of outdoor origin, i.e. it does not incorporate intake in a microenvironment from direct emissions into that microenvironment. Median estimated inhalation intake rates (mg d À1 ) are 53 for benzene, 5.1 for 1,3-butadiene, 8.7 Â 10 À4 for hexavalent chromium in fine particulate matter (Cr-PM 2.5 ), 30 for diesel fine particulate matter (DPM 2.5 ), and 68 for ozone. For the four primary pollutants studied, estimated median intake rates are higher for non-whites and for individuals in low-income households than for the population as a whole. For ozone, a secondary pollutant, the reverse is true. Accounting for microenvironmental adjustment factors, population mobility and temporal correlations between pollutant concentrations and breathing rates affects the estimated inhalation intake by 40% on average. The approach presented here could be extended to quantify the impact on intakes and intake distributions of proposed changes in emissions, air quality, and urban infrastructure. r

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“…The relationship of indoor and outdoor particulate matter was examined in several environments [27][28][29][30][31][32] and the reported results strongly associated the indoor PM concentration with the outdoor one. In respect to particle dynamics and using mass balance models, the authors managed to determine deposition indoors and penetration from outdoors, although the variability of the results indicated the strong dependence on assumptions, different methodologies and building characteristics [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of the aerosol infiltration characteristics in a cultural heritage building: The Baroque Library Hall in Prague

Chatoutsidou

Mašková

Ondráčková

et al. 2015

Building and Environment

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Please cite this article as: Chatoutsidou SE, Mašková L, Ondráčková L, Ondráček J, Lazaridis M, Smolík J, Modeling of the aerosol infiltration characteristics in a cultural heritage building: The Baroque Library Hall in Prague, Building and Environment (2015), doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. A dynamic mass balance model was introduced taking account particle penetration from outdoors and indoor losses (deposition, ventilation). The model was used to determine deposition rate k and penetration efficiency P in 13 discrete size intervals. Model performance was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) by selecting different pairs of k and P. No unique solution found, thus, averaged values of k and P from the best correlated pairs were used to estimate infiltration factor. Good agreement between infiltration factor and I/O ratio confirmed that modeled k and P were well-estimated. The deposition rate was found to depend strongly on particle size with higher rates for ultrafine and coarse particles. Penetration efficiency, on the other hand, was not clearly related with particle size. The infiltration factor varied substantially with particle size with less effective removal for accumulation fraction (0.1-0.7 µm). Higher infiltration factor for ultrafine particles, compared to coarse particles, indicates that enrichment of the library at this size is caused by penetration from outdoors. On the other hand, human presence during visiting hours found to contribute significantly to coarse particles by increasing the indoor number concentration by a factor of 3, 3.2 and 2 during spring, summer and winter respectively.

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Outdoor Versus Indoor Contributions to Indoor Particulate Matter (PM) Determined by Mass Balance Methods

Cited by 57 publications

References 16 publications

Indoor air pollution levels in public buildings in Thailand and exposure assessment

Indoor air pollution levels in public buildings in Thailand and exposure assessment

Inhalation intake of ambient air pollution in California's South Coast Air Basin

Modeling of the aerosol infiltration characteristics in a cultural heritage building: The Baroque Library Hall in Prague

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