Outer-membrane vesicles from Gram-negative bacteria: biogenesis and functions

Abstract

Outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical buds of the outer membrane filled with periplasmic content and are commonly produced by Gram-negative bacteria. The production of OMVs allows bacteria to interact with their environment, and OMVs have been found to mediate diverse functions, including promoting pathogenesis, enabling bacterial survival during stress conditions and regulating microbial interactions within bacterial communities. Additionally, because of this functional versatility, researchers have begun to explore OMVs as a platform for bioengineering applications. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in the study of OMVs, focusing on new insights into the mechanisms of biogenesis and the functions of these vesicles.

Commensal-derived OMVs elicit a mild proinflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells

“…OMVs isolated from Gram-negative bacteria are receiving increasing interest in microbiological research (Kaparakis-Liaskos and Ferrero, 2015;Schwechheimer and Kuehn, 2015); yet, despite the vast number of Gram-negative bacteria present within the intestinal microbiota, there is a lack of studies considering the immnuoregulatory activity of OMVs derived from this population (Muraca et al, 2015). Also, the limited studies performed to date are divided in their opinion of the pontential role of OMVs in the intestinal niche.…”

“…Gram negative bacteria are well characterised in their production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs; Beveridge, 1999;Schwechheimer and Kuehn, 2015), which, when derived from either pathogenic or commensal bacteria, have previously shown immunomodulatory activity on different intestinal cell types (Chatterjee and Chaudhuri, 2012;Shen et al, 2012, Fábrega et al, 2016. Therefore, to elucidate the contribution of OMVs to the proinflammatory profile of E. coli C25-derived extracellular products, we removed them from the C25 cfs via ultracentrifugation.…”

New Structural Templates for Clinically Validated and Novel Targets in Antimicrobial Drug Research and Development

“…in organisms which have not been originally targeted by the treatment. The resistance genes can easily spread via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) (Syvanen 2012;Baltrus 2013;Polz et al 2013) by mobile plasmids (Smillie et al 2010;Harrison and Brockhurst 2012;Carattoli 2013), transposons (Casacuberta and Gonzalez 2013) or outer membrane vesicle (OMV) (Berleman and Auer 2013;Brown et al 2015;Perez-Cruz et al 2015;Schwechheimer and Kuehn 2015) transport through the whole pangenome (Medini et al 2005;Tettelin et al 2008;Lapierre and Gogarten 2009) of the global microbiome (Whitman et al 1998). These facts imply that in pronounced contrast to other medical indications, the efficacy of antibacterial drugs deteriorates over time.…”

Characterization of the Conjugation Pattern in Large Polysaccharide–Protein Conjugates by NMR Spectroscopy

“…Encapsulated bacteria, such as Neisseria meningitidis , Streptoccoccus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae , have polysaccharides on their exterior 1. The capsular polysaccharides protect the microorganism from adverse environmental conditions, prevent the activation of the host immune system and improve adhesion to invade the host 2, 3, 4.…”