“…This is because the attachment of MVs onto the surface of the producer strain occupies the phage receptors, thereby preventing their binding onto the bacterial cell surface. The phages are then made to bind on the surface of the MVs through the phage receptor proteins on the surfaces of the MVs 91 , 92 ( Figure 4 ). While MVs from E. coli were reported to neutralize T4 phage, those from V. cholerae neutralize ICP1, CIP2, and ICP3 phages.…”
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and debilitating condition of relapsing and remitting inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Conventional therapeutic approaches for IBD have shown limited efficacy and detrimental side effects, leading to the quest for novel and effective treatment options for the disease. Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are nanosized lipid particles secreted by lysis or blebbing processes from both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. These vesicles, known to carry bioactive components, are facsimiles of the parent bacterium and have been implicated in the onset and progression, as well as in the amelioration of IBD. This review discusses the overview of MVs and their impact in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of IBD. We further discuss the technical challenges facing this research area and possible research questions addressing these challenges. We summarize recent advances in the diverse relationship between IBD and MVs, and the application of this knowledge as a viable and potent therapeutic strategy for IBD.
“…This is because the attachment of MVs onto the surface of the producer strain occupies the phage receptors, thereby preventing their binding onto the bacterial cell surface. The phages are then made to bind on the surface of the MVs through the phage receptor proteins on the surfaces of the MVs 91 , 92 ( Figure 4 ). While MVs from E. coli were reported to neutralize T4 phage, those from V. cholerae neutralize ICP1, CIP2, and ICP3 phages.…”
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and debilitating condition of relapsing and remitting inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Conventional therapeutic approaches for IBD have shown limited efficacy and detrimental side effects, leading to the quest for novel and effective treatment options for the disease. Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are nanosized lipid particles secreted by lysis or blebbing processes from both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. These vesicles, known to carry bioactive components, are facsimiles of the parent bacterium and have been implicated in the onset and progression, as well as in the amelioration of IBD. This review discusses the overview of MVs and their impact in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of IBD. We further discuss the technical challenges facing this research area and possible research questions addressing these challenges. We summarize recent advances in the diverse relationship between IBD and MVs, and the application of this knowledge as a viable and potent therapeutic strategy for IBD.
“…Newer nanomaterials might improve cancer immune therapy further. For instance, Gram-negative bacteria release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), which are sized 30–250 nm and act as a mediator of bacterial communication and homeostasis [ 94 ]. They have ideal qualities for vaccine distribution, including small size and simplicity of scaling up manufacture, and they have inherent immunostimulatory capabilities [ 95 ].…”
Throughout the world, oral cancer is a common and aggressive malignancy with a high risk of morbidity, mortality, and recurrence. The importance of early detection in cancer prevention and disease treatment cannot be overstated. Conventional therapeutic strategies have minor difficulties but considerable side effects and unfavourable consequences in clinical applications. Hence, there is a requirement for effective ways for early detection and treatment of oral cancer. At present, numerous forms of nanoparticles have piqued researchers’ interest as a potentially useful tool for diagnostic probes and medicinal devices. Because of their inherent physicochemical properties and customizable surface modification, they are able to circumvent some of restrictions and accomplish the intended diagnostic and therapeutic impact. Nanotechnology is a unique field that has revolutionised the industry and is paving the way for new treatments for oral cancer. It can help with a better diagnosis with less harmful substances and is setting current guidelines for treatment. The use of nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis, therapy, and care improves clinical practise dramatically. The different types of nanoparticles that have been developed for the diagnosis and therapy of oral cancers will be covered in this study. The difficulties and potential uses of nanoparticles in the treatment and diagnosis of oral cancer are then highlighted. In order to emphasise existing difficulties and potential remedies for oral cancer, a prospective view of the future is also provided.
“…On careful investigation, it was observed that the fungal membrane showed a mark of disruption, which indicates damage to DNA (Fig. 7 b(iii–vii)) [ 111 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Recent Developments In Antimicrobial Agents Based On Metalli...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…b (i–ii) TEM pictures of Cu@Cu 2 O NPs, and optical fluorescence microscopy images of S. cerevisiae cells (iii) in absence of NPs/NCs (control) or (iv) in the presence of NCs and pictures of (v) control cells and (vi & viii) cells treated with NCs after their exposure to 30 Hz magnetic field. Reproduced with permission [ 111 ]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier Publication Group …”
Section: Recent Developments In Antimicrobial Agents Based On Metalli...mentioning
Bacterial transmission is considered one of the potential risks for communicable diseases, requiring promising antibiotics. Traditional drugs possess a limited spectrum of effectiveness, and their frequent administration reduces effectiveness and develops resistivity. In such a situation, we are left with the option of developing novel antibiotics with higher efficiency. In this regard, nanoparticles (NPs) may play a pivotal role in managing such medical situations due to their distinct physiochemical characteristics and impressive biocompatibility. Metallic NPs are found to possess extraordinary antibacterial effects that are useful in vitro as well as in vivo as self-modified therapeutic agents. Due to their wide range of antibacterial efficacy, they have potential therapeutic applications via diverse antibacterial routes. NPs not only restrict the development of bacterial resistance, but they also broaden the scope of antibacterial action without binding the bacterial cell directly to a particular receptor with promising effectiveness against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microbes. This review aimed at exploring the most relevant types of metal NPs employed as antimicrobial agents, particularly those based on Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn metals, and their antimicrobial mechanisms. Further, the challenges and future prospects of NPs in biological applications are also discussed.
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