“…Asset ownership has advantages, such as reduced process variability (Hsieh, Lazzarini, Nickerson, & Laurini, 2010), reduced information asymmetry (Eisenhardt, 1989), and a reduced potential for hold-up (Williamson, 1983). However, ownership has disadvantages, such as increased costs of bureaucracy (Williamson, 1985) and less expertise in specific functions or activities (Balakrishnan, Mohan, & Seshadri, 2008). Accordingly, the make-or-buy decision is complex with many tradeoffs (Mantel, Tatikonda, & Liao, 2006;Tsay et al, 2018).…”