Ovarian cysts are common in premenarchal girls: a sonographic study of 101 children 2-12 years old.

Cohen, Harris L.; Eisenberg, Peter D.; Mandel, Francine S.; Haller, J O

doi:10.2214/ajr.159.1.1609728

Cited by 59 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In 84% of the babies, follicles the diameters of which do not exceed 1 cm are found from the neonatal period to the age of 2 years. The same finding is observed with a rate of 68% in girls aged between 2 and 6 years (38). (2).…”

Section: Evaluation Of Mini Pubertysupporting

confidence: 85%

Mini puberty and its interpretation

Kurtoğlu

Baştuğ

2014

Turk Arch Ped

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Gonadotropins which are at high levels in the middle of the fetal life are considerably low in the cord blood and estrogen is measured to be high. The reason for this is the inhibitory effect of increased estrogen levels in the circulation arising from the placenta on gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator and pituitary gonadotropins (1, 2). In male fetuses, testosterone levels probably contribute additionally to inhibition (3). Gonadotropin inhibition discontinues with placental seperation, the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis is activated and the hormonal changes which occur are identified as mini puberty (2, 4). The activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis reach a peak level approximately in the 6-8th week after delivery. In this period, the levels of sex steroids are similar to early-middle pubertal levels, but their peripheral effects are not realized (4).In boys, the level of luteinizing hormone (LH) increases approximately 10-fold in the minutes following delivery and the level of tesosterone increases. This state lasts approximately for 12 hours (5, 6). The increase in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH continues in the second week after delivery, reaches a peak in the 4-10 th week, decreases in the 6 th month to the prepubertal levels. The level of testosterone increased by release of luteinizing hormone reaches a peak at around the third month and decreases to the prepubertal levels in the 6-9 th months (1,7,8). Similarly, the levels of 17-hydroxyprogesteron and androstenodione which are increased with testosterone decrease with reduction of the level of LH (2). After delivery, an increase in the number of Leydig cells starts. This increase reaches a peak in the third month. Afterwards, reduction and apopytosis occur in fetal and infantile Leydig cells (9-11). Inhibin-B is a glycoprotein belonging to the family of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and is released from Sertoli cells in the prepubertal period. It is considered an indicator of sertoli cell function in prepubertal male children, but it does not reflect the number and function of germ cells. Inhibin-B acts as a regulator of release of FSH (1). Inhibin-B can be measured in the cord blood, it increases after delivery, reaches a peak in the 4-12 th month (exceeds the male adult level). It is at a considerably low level at the age of 3-9 years and increases again with the initiation of the puberty (3, 7). Serum inhibin-B levels are low in cases of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (1, 12).Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein released from the sertoli cells starting from the fetal period. It is found in the cord blood and its level increases in the first 30 months after delivery. It reaches a peak in the 6 th month, starts to decrease Mini puberty and its interpretation AbstractGonadotropins which are high in the middle of the fetal life are measured to be considerably low in the cord blood and estrogen is found to be high in the cord blood. Gonodotropins are supressed by estrogen. After delivery,...

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Section: Evaluation Of Mini Pubertysupporting

confidence: 85%

Mini puberty and its interpretation

Kurtoğlu

Baştuğ

2014

Turk Arch Ped

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“…Upon US assessment, the ovaries were classified into 3 categories based on the observed structure [8][9][10][11][12][13]: (1) follicular (FO)-cysts or follicles measuring less than 10 mm in diameter, (2) homogeneous (HO)-absence of cysts or visible follicles, and (3) undetectable (UDO)-absence of a detectable ovarian structure.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal ovarian cysts management and ovarian prognosis: a report of 82 cases

Galinier¹,

Carfagna²,

Juricic³

et al. 2008

Journal of Pediatric Surgery

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“…The former allowed the examination of the patients' external genitals to exclude inflammations/infections of the vulva or the urethra and the assessment of integrity and patency of the hymen. Pelvic US allowed the examination of the internal genitals to search for malformations and neoplastic pathologies affecting these organs [7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recurrent abdominal pain in young pre-menarchal female: clinical and surgical observations

et al. 2007

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The purpose of this study is to determine the role of surgical intervention in pre-menarchal patients with recurrent abdominal pain. Seventy-six pre-menarchal females aged 9-12 were examined for recurrent abdominal pain; during clinical observation blood tests were within normal values and abdominal and pelvic US showed no surgical or gynaecological problems. After laparoscopic appendectomy the patients' clinical-surgical findings were related to their age, relief of symptoms and histopathological findings. A total of 71% of patients showed positive surgical findings; 55.5% of these showed variations in the position of the appendix with mild inflammation and reactive pericaecal lymph nodes, 7.5% had a macroscopic inflammation with adhesions and 37% had a mild inflammation. Twenty-nine percent of patients had a normal appendix without adhesions, inflammations or infections. Histopathological examination showed a pathologic appendix in 60 cases (79%). Six months after surgery abdominal pain persisted in 18 patients out of 76 (23%). There is a statistically significant relationship between recurrent abdominal pain, surgical observation and relief of symptoms (P < 0.05). We believe that patients affected by recurrent abdominal pain need to be closely and simultaneously monitored. For this reason, laparoscopy should be considered and used with those patients suffering from frequent abdominal pain and discomfort.

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Ovarian cysts are common in premenarchal girls: a sonographic study of 101 children 2-12 years old.

Cited by 59 publications

References 7 publications

Mini puberty and its interpretation

Mini puberty and its interpretation

Fetal ovarian cysts management and ovarian prognosis: a report of 82 cases

Recurrent abdominal pain in young pre-menarchal female: clinical and surgical observations

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