Ovarian germ cell tumour classification: views from the testis

Berney, Daniel M.; Stoneham, Sara; Arora, Rupali; Shamash, Jonathan; Lockley, Michelle

doi:10.1111/his.14016

Cited by 23 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Germ cell and sex cord stromal tumours are uncommon; however, they may mimic high‐grade epithelial tumours and also each other. If germ cell tumours are in the differential diagnosis, the first ICC markers to include in a panel are PLAP and SALL4, with the latter being more sensitive; for sex‐cord stromal tumours, the panel should include calretinin, inhibin, SF‐1 (steroidogenic factor 1) and/or FOXL2 (Forkhead Box L2) 207,209–216 (Table 10).…”

Section: Immunocytochemistry For Gynecological Cytologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunocytochemistry for diagnostic cytopathology—A practical guide

2021

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Cytological specimens, which are obtained by minimally invasive methods, are an excellent source of diagnostic material. Sometimes they are the only material available for diagnosis as well as for prognostic/predictive markers. When cytomorphology is not straightforward, ancillary tests may be required for a definitive diagnosis to guide clinical management. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) is the most common and practical ancillary tool used to reach a diagnosis when cytomorphology is equivocal, to differentiate entities with overlapping morphological features, and to determine the cell lineage and the site of origin of a metastatic neoplasm. Numerous immunomarkers are available, and some are expressed in multiple neoplasms. To rule out entities within a differential diagnosis, the use of more than one marker, sometimes panels, is necessary. ICC panels for diagnostic purposes should be customised based on the clinical context and cytomorphology, and the markers should be used judiciously to preserve material for additional tests for targeted therapies in the appropriate setting. This review offers a practical guide for the use of ICC for diagnostic cytopathology, covering the most commonly encountered non‐hematolymphoid diagnostic scenarios in various body sites.

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Section: Immunocytochemistry For Gynecological Cytologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunocytochemistry for diagnostic cytopathology—A practical guide

2021

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“…Dysgerminoma is the most common MOGCT, accounting for 30-35% of cases. Dysgerminoma histologically resembles testicular seminoma, with correspondingly similar immunohistochemistry and chemosensitivity [30,72]. Though bilateral disease is present in approximately 10-15% of cases, fertility-sparing surgery can still be considered given its high chemosensitivity [13].…”

Section: Dysgerminomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The histological and molecular similarities between MOGCTs and testicular germ cell tumors suggest that the strategies that are successful in treating testicular tumors may be applied to MOGCTs; furthermore, the vast majority of testicular tumors are germ cell tumors, which are much more common than MOGCTs [37,72]. Trials of unselected testicular tumor patients with advanced or platinum-resistant disease have not shown benefit of VEGF-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), EGFR-TKIs, or c-Kit inhibitors.…”

Section: Drugs Evaluated In Testicular Tumormentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapies for Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors and Sex Cord–Stromal Tumors: A Contemporary Review

Maoz

Matsuo

Ciccone

et al. 2020

Cancers

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Non-epithelial ovarian tumors are heterogeneous and account for approximately 10% of ovarian malignancies. The most common subtypes of non-epithelial ovarian tumors arise from germ cells or sex cord and stromal cells of the gonads. These tumors are usually detected at an early stage, and management includes surgical staging and debulking. When indicated for advanced disease, most respond to chemotherapy; however, options for patients with refractory disease are limited, and regimens can be associated with significant toxicities, including permanent organ dysfunction, secondary malignancies, and death. Targeted therapies that potentially decrease chemotherapy-related adverse effects and improve outcomes for patients with chemotherapy-refractory disease are needed. Here, we review the molecular landscape of non-epithelial ovarian tumors for the purpose of informing rational clinical trial design. Recent genomic discoveries have uncovered recurring somatic alterations and germline mutations in subtypes of non-epithelial ovarian tumors. Though there is a paucity of efficacy data on targeted therapies, such as kinase inhibitors, antibody–drug conjugates, immunotherapy, and hormonal therapy, exceptional responses to some compounds have been reported. The rarity and complexity of non-epithelial ovarian tumors warrant collaboration and efficient clinical trial design, including high-quality molecular characterization, to guide future efforts.

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“…Most teratomas are benign unless a malignant somatic transformation occurs. However, malignant transformation is scarce [3,4]. The designation of teratoma refers to a neoplasm that differentiates toward somatic-type cell populations, typically including cell populations that would naturally derive from ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm [2].…”

Section: Introduction 1ovarian Teratomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current classifications of teratomas are divided into MTs, MTs with malignant transformation, immature teratomas (ITs), and monodermal highly specialized teratomas (e.g., struma ovarii) [2,4]. First, MTs accounted for 90% of all ovarian tumors in premenarchal girls and 60% of all ovarian neoplasms in women younger than 20 years old [5].…”

Section: Introduction 1ovarian Teratomamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association of Ovarian Teratoma and Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: An Updated Integrative Review

Chen

2021

IJMS

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Ovarian teratomas are by far the most common ovarian germ cell tumor. Most teratomas are benign unless a somatic transformation occurs. The designation of teratoma refers to a neoplasm that differentiates toward somatic-type cell populations. Recent research shows a striking association between ovarian teratomas and anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis, a rare and understudied paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS). Among teratomas, mature teratomas are thought to have a greater relevance with those neurological impairments. PNS is described as a neurologic deficit triggered by an underlying remote tumor, whereas anti-NMDAR encephalitis is characterized by a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome and the presence of autoantibodies in cerebral spinal fluid against the GluN1 subunit of the NMDAR. This review aims to summarize recent reports on the association between anti-NMDAR encephalitis and ovarian teratoma. In particular, the molecular pathway of pathogenesis and the updated mechanism and disease models would be discussed. We hope to provide an in-depth review of this issue and, therefore, to better understand its epidemiology, diagnostic approach, and treatment strategies.

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Ovarian germ cell tumour classification: views from the testis

Cited by 23 publications

References 48 publications

Immunocytochemistry for diagnostic cytopathology—A practical guide

Immunocytochemistry for diagnostic cytopathology—A practical guide

Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapies for Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors and Sex Cord–Stromal Tumors: A Contemporary Review

The Association of Ovarian Teratoma and Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: An Updated Integrative Review

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