Endometriosis is a common, chronic disease. Patients typically present with pelvic pain, infertility, and/or an adnexal mass. Results from the limited number of studies that have been published indicate that the true prevalence of endometriosis, along with the associated infertility, has been increasing. Debates about infertility management arise from the contradiction between the contraceptive nature of medical treatments for endometriosis and the unpredictable ovarian reserve after surgery. There is moderate quality evidence that surgery increases clinical pregnancy rate and live birth in minimal to mild endometriosis. However, insufficient evidences which supports the effect of surgery in moderate to severe endometriosis in term of subfertility. On this basis, artificial reproductive technologies have been become the most efficient way of overcoming endometriosisassociated infertility, particularly in stage III/IV endometriosis. The objective of this paper is to review recent trends in endometriosis, from the pathophysiology of the disease to the management of infertility.endometriosis and infertility and to assess the current approaches and management modalities used for infertile women with endometriosis.
PathophysiologyAs previously mentioned, how endometriosis contributes to infertility remains controversial. However, there are a few hypotheses that describe the pathophysiology of endometriosis-associated infertility when the endometriotic lesion is located in the pelvic cavity, ovary, or uterus [8].
Distorted Pelvic AnatomyPelvic adhesions that develop as a consequence of endometriosis can interfere with ovulation, transport of the oocyte or ovum, and pick-up by the fimbriae. The oviducts may be patent bilaterally, but existing adhesions around the adnexa can interrupt the dynamic movements of the fimbriae that are necessary for oocyte uptake [9].
Altered Peritoneal MilieuThe chronic inflammatory status of the pelvic cavity in endometriosis patients has been recognized for decades. This inflammation is accompanied by increased infiltration of macrophages in the pelvic fluid. The pathophysiology has not been well-described, but increased recruitment of immune cells and dysregulated apoptosis of endometrial cells present in the lesion are thought to be contributing factors. Additional support for this hypothesis arises from the observation that in addition to the macrophages, inflammatory cytokines, and prostaglandins, chemokines stimulate and aggregate monocytes and granulocytes. RANTES [10], monocyte inflammatory protein-1 [11,12]
IntroductionEndometriosis is a disease characterized by ectopic endometrial glands and stromal tissue external to the uterine cavity. The prevalence of the disease has been reported to be 5-10% in women of reproductive age, 20-30% in women diagnosed with infertility, and 40-60% in women with chronic pelvic pain [1]. Fecundity, the probability of giving live birth in a menstrual cycle, has been shown to be 0.02-0.1 per month in women with endometriosis, but is 0.15-0.2 ...