Over 300 km Dispersion of Wild Boar during Hot Summer, from Central Poland to Ukraine

Popczyk, Bartłomiej; Klich, Daniel; Nasiadka, Paweł; Nieszała, Angelika; Gadkowski, Krzysztof; Sobczuk, Maria; Balcerak, Marek; Kociuba, Piotr; Olech, Wanda; Purski, Ludwik

doi:10.3390/ani14010170

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This is because the first detection of OvGHV2 in free-ranging wild boars occurring in trapped animals was diagnosed within the adjacent municipality of Castro in 2017 [ 39 ], while sampling for the current study occurred between October 2017 and May 2018. A study that evaluated the movement of wild boars estimated that the distance travelled may vary from 76 km (average 1 km/day) during the resting (sedentary) phase to as far as 310 km (average 6 km/day) during the dispersion phase [ 57 ]. Alternatively, another investigation that used the continuous-time speed- and distance-estimation method demonstrated that male wild boars can travel for an average of 5.86 km/day, with females traveling 5.13 km/day [ 58 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is because these conservation units are located approximately 25 and 50 km away from the center of the municipalities of Ponta Grossa and Palmeira, respectively, as well as 50 km from the center of Castro, where the previous detection was confirmed ( Figure 3 ). These three municipalities, and consequently the surrounding sheep-farming regions, are within the estimated sedentary and dispersion distances travelled by wild boars [ 57 ]. In addition, the Central-eastern mesoregion where these wild boars were infected has the largest sheep population within the State of Paraná [ 59 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The daily distance travelled by free-ranging wild boars [ 57 , 58 ] may have favored possible contact with susceptible cattle. Consequently, wild boars with viable OvGHV2 in the oral cavity and with tissue antigens may be possible disseminators for this pathogen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Subclinical Ovine Gammaherpesvirus 2-Related Infections in Free-Ranging Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Southern Brazil

Headley,

Fritzen,

Silva

et al. 2024

Pathogens

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Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvGHV2), is a Macavirus and the cause of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), in which sheep are the asymptomatic reservoir hosts. Susceptible mammalian populations infected by OvGHV2 may develop clinical SA-MCF or subclinical infections. All members of the Macavirus genus known to be associated with MCF are collectively referred to as the MCF virus (MCFV) complex. This report describes the occurrence of subclinical OvGHV2-related infections in free-ranging wild boars (Sus scrofa) from southern Brazil. Specific body organs (n = 14) and biological samples (nasal and oral swabs; n = 17) were collected from 24 asymptomatic wild boars from a conservation unit located within the Central-eastern mesoregion of Paraná State. Organs were processed to observe histopathological patterns suggestive of diseases of domestic animals; only pulmonary samples were used in an immunohistochemical assay designed to detect MCFV tissue antigens. Furthermore, all samples were submitted to molecular assays designed to detect the OvGHV2 tegument protein gene. Viral-induced pneumonia was diagnosed in two wild boars; one of these contained OvGHV2 DNA, with MCFV antigens identified in the other. Additionally, MCFV tissue antigens were detected within pulmonary epithelial cells of the lungs with and without pulmonary disease. Collectively, OvGHV2 was detected in 37.5% (9/24) of all wild boars, with detection occurring in the organs of 57.1% (8/14) wild boars and the oral cavity of one animal. These results demonstrated that these wild boars were subclinically infected by OvGHV2, and that infection produced typical pulmonary alterations. In addition, the detection of OvGHV2 within the oral cavity of one wild boar may suggest that this animal may be a potential disseminator of this pathogen to susceptible animal populations, including livestock and wildlife, acting as a possible bridge host for OvGHV2. Furthermore, infection by OvGHV2 probably occurred due to incidental contact with asymptomatic sheep maintained within the surrounding rural areas and not within the conservation units.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Subclinical Ovine Gammaherpesvirus 2-Related Infections in Free-Ranging Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Southern Brazil

Headley,

Fritzen,

Silva

et al. 2024

Pathogens

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Resource‐driven changes in wild boar movement and their consequences for the spread of African Swine Fever in the Russian Far East

Waller,

Morelle,

Seryodkin

et al. 2024

Wildlife Biology

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Knowledge of animal movement patterns is invaluable to understanding the spread of diseases among wildlife populations. One example is the recent African swine fever (ASF) outbreak among wild boar Sus scrofa populations across East Asia, where there is a lack of information on movements of this species. During a wild boar tracking project to inform abundance estimation methods in the Russian Far East's Sikhote‐Alin Biosphere Zapovednik, the combination of high variability in pulsed resources of acorns and pine nuts between fall 2019 and fall 2020, and the outbreak of ASF during the latter year, offered the unique opportunity to investigate the relationship between wild boar movements to exploit pulsed resources and the potential for disease spread. We analyzed relocation data from GPS‐collared wild boar in fall 2019 and 2020 and compared them to reference data in Belgium, representative of western Europe. We found remarkable differences in movement patterns, with Far East wild boar travelling large distances in fall 2020 (maximum observed of 77 km in four days) when the availability of acorns was low. In our resource selection analysis, we found clear selection for mast‐producing forest types that corresponded with the species of greater mast production (oak or pine) for that year. Comparing the displacement of individual wild boar along a moving window of 1–7 days (time between infection and the onset ASF symptoms) highlighted the potential of rapid ASF spread over long distances when wild boar are in search of pulsed resources. This work demonstrates the capacity of wild boar to move long distances to exploit resources and emphasizes the need to consider resource availability when predicting the speed and extent to which diseases such as ASF can spread.

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Serological Detection of Ovine Gammaherpesvirus 2 Antibodies in Dairy Farms from Southern Brazil

Headley,

Grant,

Fritzen

et al. 2024

Microorganisms

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Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF) is a severe lymphoproliferative vascular disease of cattle that is caused by ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvGHV2), which is a Macavirus within the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily. SA-MCF occurs worldwide in several mammalian hosts. Alternatively, alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 (AlGHV1) is a Macavirus that causes wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), which principally occurs in cattle from Africa. Previous serological assays to evaluate the presence of MCF in mammals used a competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CI-ELISA). This CI-ELISA is based on the 15A antigenic epitope that is common to all Macavirus associated with the development of MCF in their respective hosts. This study evaluated an indirect MCF-specific ELISA assay based on the AlGHV1 C500 strain to detect antibodies against OvGHV2 in 43 closed dairy cattle farms from Southern Brazil. These farms are located in a region where subclinical infections by OvGHV2 have been detected in free-ranging wild boars (Sus scrofa). Sheep or goats were not reared at these farms or within the proximity of these farms. Risk factors associated with seropositivity to OvGHV2 were evaluated, while the possible participation of subclinically infected wild boars in the dissemination of OvGHV2 was estimated using spatial analysis. Sera from 29 dairy cows from 16 farms demonstrated sample/positive (S/P) values considered positive with this MCF-specific ELISA (cutoff S/P, 0.063). The S/P values for the positive dairy cows varied between 0.0633 and 0.2510 (mean, 0.0998; standard deviation, 0.0476). At least one cow was seropositive in 16/43 (37.2%) of these farms, with seropositivity identified in 29/367 (7.9%) of dairy cows maintained at these farms. Additionally, dairy cows raised within the intensive system had a more than threefold higher chance of being seropositive to OvGHV2 relative to those reared within the semi-intensive system. Furthermore, the spatial evaluation revealed that cows on dairy farms within a 50 km radius of the home range of subclinically infected wild boars had an increased risk of being seropositive to this assay. These findings demonstrated that the AlGHV1 C500-specific MCF ELISA can be efficiently used to monitor the occurrence of OvGHV2 in cattle. In addition, the occurrence of subclinically infected free-ranging wild boars within a radius of 50 km from susceptible cattle may be a possible risk factor for the occurrence of OvGHV2-related infections in these animals from Southern Brazil. These initial results are fundamental to understanding the epidemiology of OvGHV2-associated infections and clinical SA-MCF in mammals in Brazil.

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Over 300 km Dispersion of Wild Boar during Hot Summer, from Central Poland to Ukraine

Cited by 3 publications

References 35 publications

Subclinical Ovine Gammaherpesvirus 2-Related Infections in Free-Ranging Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Southern Brazil

Subclinical Ovine Gammaherpesvirus 2-Related Infections in Free-Ranging Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Southern Brazil

Resource‐driven changes in wild boar movement and their consequences for the spread of African Swine Fever in the Russian Far East

Serological Detection of Ovine Gammaherpesvirus 2 Antibodies in Dairy Farms from Southern Brazil

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