“…Within trajectories of codeine misuse and dependence, a wide ranging profile of codeine user exists; for example, the elderly (Roumie & Griffin, 2004;Agaba et al 2004); youth (Elwood, 2001;Peters et al 2003Peters et al , 2007aPeters et al , 2007bPeters et al , 2007cFord, 2009;Lao et al 2010;Wilson et al 2010;Tang et al 2012;Agnich et al 2013); parents (Allotey et al 2004); students (Acocella, 2005); pharmacy customers (Sweileh et al 2004;Albsoul-Younes et al 2010); drug and psychiatric treatment patients (Agyapong et al 2013); addiction treatment patients (Akram & Roberts, 2003;Myers et al 2003;Yang & Yuan, 2008;Cohen et al 2009;Thekiso & Farren, 2010;Cooper, 2013b) and internet drug forum users (Van Hout, 2015) each with their own motives, patterns and outcomes for use. However, there is a lack of consensus around a definition of misuse of pharmaceutical opioid narcotics (Barrett et al 2008;Casati et al 2012;Cooper, 2013a) with broad misuse of pharmaceutical definitions including incorrect but legitimate use for medical purposes; use outside of acceptable medical guidelines when self-medicating at higher doses and for longer than advised; use for reasons other than for the instructions on the label or the intended purpose; recreational use for intoxication purposes; and where risks and adverse consequences outweigh the benefits (Nielsen et al 2008;Casati et al 2012).…”