Overcoming Misconceptions About Z‐Scores

Abstract

program. The implementation of these sessions will provide the basis for producing a videotaped version of the training. The videotaped program will be disseminated to prepare teachers who cannot participate in any of the regional inservices or any of the replication workshops. Evaluation and DisseminationBy the Spring of 1986, an increasingly large number of teachers will have participated in the inservice aspect of the project, tested the teaching materials, and received training in the form of videotaped versions. Each aspect will be evaluated thoroughly prior to implementing procedures for widespread dissemination. Evaluation mechanisms will be developed and studies will be conducted to assess how well students are learning skills and concepts in statistics and probability. Further, a mechanism will be established that will permit the Joint ASAiNCTM Committee to continue to monitor the use of materials by teachers and to revise them as necessary beyond the life of the project.

The Challenge of Developing Statistical Literacy, Reasoning and Thinking

“…Regarding university students, Huck, Cross, and Clark (1986) identified two erroneous conceptions about normal standard scores: On the one hand, some students believe that all standard scores will always range between -3 and +3, while other students think there is no restriction on the maximum and minimum values in these scores. Each of those beliefs is linked to a misconception about the normal distribution.…”

On the Attainability of Bounds on the Standard Deviation

“…This sample provides an upper bound for 'the most deviant Z-score' calculable from the data. This is discussed further by Hayes et al (2007), Shiffler (1987Shiffler ( , 1988 and Huck et al (1986).…”

Export–Output Growth Nexus Using Threshold VAR and VEC Models: Empirical Evidence from Thailand

“…Table 1 summarizes the descriptive statistics covering mean-median values, maximum-minimum values, standard deviation, and normality properties. To fundamentally determine the normality, according to Huck et al (1986), the ranges of skewness and kurtosis of these relevant data were within the range of −2.58 to +2.58, implying that the z-scores performed in a normal manner. However, the large Jarque-Bera test values and the small probability values mean that the null hypothesis of normality was rejected at the 5% significance level, indicating that the GDP, EX, and IM series at the current Local Currency Units (LCUs) recorded by the World Bank have a non-normal distribution.…”