Overcoming Paradox for Social Enterprise Definition: Case of Lithuania

Abstract

The study explores dilemma around de jure adopted social enterprise conception and social enterprise universe de facto developing through bottom-up initiatives. The presented analysis of Lithuania case presents sitaution, where conception on social enterprise was adopted following EU framing, and good practices of countries, having strong historicall roots of social enterprise development, but bypassed evaluation of local context. The study shows, that narrow definition of social enterprises, applied to the legal framework of the state leads to deterioration of the social entrepreneurship concept and forms alternative area of various social enterprise models embedding global practices and broad definition of social enterprise. In Lithuania two contradictory domains of de jure and de facto social enterprises emerge and create dichotomous situation where some social enterprise forms are permanently supported and recognized by the state and othersnot. Situation of Lithuania is especially referring to Central and Eastern Europe countries where natural development of social enterprises was historically interferred. The study elaborates hypothesis, that adoption of social enterprise conception to national legal framework shall be designed primarily corresponding to de-facto existing social enterprise universe and placing them along a continuum. It shows the need to pay attention to local and global evolutionary discourse and appreciate cross sectoral nature of social enterprises and their special place in the overall economy. It reveals that social entrepreneurship as main catalyst for social innovations go beyond conventional "bi-polar" representations of the economic landscape. The non-profit sector can no longer be viewed as separate to the business or state sector, instead, social enterprise models appear as intermediate actors. This view emphasizes the need for synergetic mixes of resources, cross-sectoral policies making and support means to social enterprise organizations, rather than clear-cut frontiers and divisions between sectors.

Social Cooperative Model Choices in the Socially Unsustainable Environment: Evidence from Lithuania

“…In 2013-2021, the issue of definitions of social business in Lithuania has been the subject of intense debate, which scholars link to criticism of the Lithuanian social enterprise model and legislative initiatives. Scholars reflecting on the debate on social enterprises in Lithuania have addressed the political and academic debate related to legal (more broadly, public policy) and academic definitions [4,[46][47][48].…”

Impact of Selected Socio-Demographic Characteristics on Branded Product Preference in Consumer Markets

“…Many authors have shown that customers' positive feelings, emotions toward a brand have a positive impact on certain brand outcome variables, such as brand loyalty, brand equity, brand trust, positive brand market share etc. (Aurier and Séré de Lanauze, 2012;Bowden, 2011;Chaudhuri and Holbrook, 2001;Evanschitzky et al, 2006;Singh et al, 2012;Iglesias et al, 2011;Singh et al, 2012;Yang, 2012;Sierra et al, 2015;Nica and Taylor, 2017;Okuneviciute and Pranskeviciute, 2018). Favourable brand image positively influences many customer outcome variables, such as customer loyalty, customer purchase intentions, customer willingness to pay a premium price, positive wordof-mouth communications (Ogba and Tan, 2009).…”

The Importance of Non-Profit Organization in Globalized World: International Comparison of American and European Continent

“…Nonprofit organizations are active mainly in social care and education. [1] Donnelly (2017) analyses the interaction between online and face-to-face problem-based learning tutorials in higher education. [2] Moreover, in the US, the education costs are relative high.…”